What are three achievements of Machavelli?

Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence on May 3 1469. He came from an ancient middle-class family who had been reduced to poverty at the time of his birth but Machiavelli was able to rise from these humble origins to become an important figure in Florentine life. Here are three of his achievements: 

1. He entered government service in 1498 and, over the next 14 years, acted as chancellor and secretary to its most important committee, Ten of Liberty and Peace. During this service, Machiavelli carried out a number of diplomatic missions to countries across Europe, including France, Switzerland and Germany.


2. When the Florentine government was threatened with invasion in 1512, Machiavelli mobilised an army of 12000 conscripted men to defend the city. While it was unsuccessful, it demonstrated his skill in organisation and management.


3. Machiavelli wrote The Prince, one of the most important books of the Renaissance era. This manual instructed rulers on how to govern their subjects and was widely influential in Europe, though the Church condemned and banned it. 

Does sodium bicarbonate have the formula Na2HCO3?

Sodium bicarbonate has the formula ` NaHCO_3` . It has one sodium ion per formula unit.

Sodium bicarbonate is an ionic compound with the stock name sodium hydrogen carbonate. Ionic compounds are always electrically neutral because they have equal amounts of positive and negative charge. Sodium, being in group 1A of the periodic table, forms the ion `Na^+. ` Hydrogen carbonate is a polyatomic ion with the formula `HCO_3^-. ` The formula `NaHCO_3` results in a neutral compound, with the +1 ion balancing out the -1 ion.

There's a compound with a similar name, sodium carbonate, which has the formula `Na_2CO_3` . It has two sodium ions per formula unit because the carbonate ion has the formula `CO_3^(2-)` . Two Na+ ions are needed to balance the two negative charges of the carbonate ion.

When trying to determine the formula of an ionic compound, you need to make sure that there's the same amount of positive and negative charge so that the overall charge is zero. An easy way to do this is the switch the charges and make them subscripts (without the signs, of course.) In the sodium carbonate example, the +1 on sodium becomes a subscript of 1 on carbonate and the -2 on carbonate becomes a subscript of 2 on sodium. Any time the magnitudes of the positive and negative charges are the same, such as in sodium bicarbonate, the subscripts are both 1.

What do hair ribbons symbolize in The Giver?

In Ch. 6 we learn that Lily hates her hair ribbons and we also learn that she will only have to wear them for another year. Lily is a 7 in Ch. 6, but will soon be an 8. At 9 she will no longer have to wear the hair ribbons, which little girls wear. By not having to wear them anymore, we can assume that the community views the age of 9 as one where young girls begin to move from childhood to adulthood.

We also know that all 10's , boys and girls, have their hair cut short. "Girls lose their braids." We often think of pig tails as a little girl hair-do, and in the community of The Giver they are no different. Hair ribbons are simply there to decorate the pig tales. Think of them like a bow or a headband. Older girls and women do not wear those same hair accessories.

What does it mean to say that gender is socially constructed? What are the expectations for femininity? Masculinity? What happens when someone does...

According to many theories, gender is a social construct. This means that culture and society influence how men and women operate in the world they live in. It is not the same as sex, which is concerned with biological differences between men and women.

Generally speaking, society imposes certain stereotypes on all of us which we must embrace if we are to be accepted by it. So, what is a social stereotype? Social stereotype is a public belief about a certain behavior, social group, individual or social issue. We are supposed to abide by these stereotypes because if we do not, we will not be socially accepted. We will deviate from the norm and from what is expected from us. For example, children at a very young age already have an idea of what they are expected to do. Boys are not expected to play with barbie dolls because they learn from society (namely, their family) that barbie dolls are associated with girls, so girls should only play with them. What happens here is that they learn what behavior they should not adopt if they are to be in accordance with the typical male expectations.

So, who maintains these social rules? Family, friends, school, and the media all influence the way we operate. We constantly strive to live up to the social expectations that are imposed upon us, so that we can appear normal.

Some conventional female stereotype characteristics state that women are  "affectionate, dependent, emotional, friendly, kind, mild, pleasant, prudish, sensitive, sentimental, warm, and whiny" (Schneider 438). On the other hand, typical male stereotype characteristics include: "adventuresome, achievement-oriented, active, ambitious, coarse, independent, loud, robust, self-confident, stable, tough, unemotional" (Schneider 438).

Any serious deviation from these prescribed characteristics can lead to social condemnation of an individual and his/her alienation from society, which can lead to serious consequences.

Schneider, David J. The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York: Guilford, 2004. Web

On what page does Atticus say, "Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird."?

In Chapter 10, on page 119 of the Grand Central Publishing edition of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus says,

"Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." (Lee 119)

Jem and Scout had recently been given air rifles from their Uncle Jack, and Atticus refuses to teach them how to shoot their guns. After Atticus tells them it is a sin to kill mockingbirds, Scout mentions that it was the only time she's ever heard her father say it was a sin to do something. Miss Maudie elaborates on why Atticus told them it was a sin to kill mockingbirds. She tells the children that mockingbirds do nothing but make music for people to enjoy all day, and do not eat up people's gardens or nest in their corncribs. Mockingbirds are symbolic of innocent beings throughout the novel. Tom Robinson and Boo Radley are symbolic mockingbirds because they do not harm anyone and only bring joy to those around them. Atticus' lesson that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird alludes to the belief that it is wrong to harm innocent human beings. This is an important lesson in Jem and Scout's moral development that teaches them to treat all beings with respect and tolerance.

In The Crucible, how does the author change history to fit his purpose?

For one, Miller brings Abigail and Proctor much closer in age than they were in real life.  The real Abigail was only thirteen (she's seventeen in The Crucible) and Proctor was in his sixties (he's in his thirties in the play).  By changing their ages, and giving them a sexual relationship, Miller begins to characterize the girls as purposeful and knowing instigators who sought, with their eyes wide open, to ruin the lives of innocent people.  

In real life, there was no dancing in the woods, conjuring dead babies, or drinking charms to kill Elizabeth Proctor.  In truth, Abigail and Betty Parris only sat with Tituba, doing a bit of old folk magic she brought with her from Barbados.  They broke an egg and spilled its white into a glass of water; the shape taken by the egg white was supposed to show them some symbol associated with the occupation of their future husbands.  When the girls saw a coffin, they began to panic.  Other girls begin to come and listen to Tituba's stories, and slowly, it seems that the children are overwhelmed by guilt and worry because they know that they are engaging in activities that that are not allowed under Puritan law.  Again, I think Miller probably made this change in order to paint the girls as completely aware of what they were doing.  It doesn't begin innocently in The Crucible as it did in life; it begins maliciously and with intention.  

It is likely that Miller wants to portray the girls in this way because the play is not simply a dramatic depiction of the Salem Witch Trials, but it also aims to skewer Senator Joseph McCarthy and the House UnAmerican Activities Committee, the group responsible for the witch hunt for Communists in the 1950s and 60s.  Miller, himself, was called to testify before the committee because he had attended a Communist meeting several years prior.  In the attempt to root out Communists, McCarthy and his cronies ruined the lives of many, employing many of the same tactics we saw in the Witch Trials and in The Crucible.  The creation of hysteria and fear was key.  The similarity in the enemy -- that the evil ones don't seem evil on the surface -- also helped to inspire paranoia.  Further, in both historical situations, the accused were expected to "name names," or identify others who were also involved in wrongdoing.  Children informed on teachers, neighbors informed on neighbors, and the hysteria spread like wildfire, taking on a life of its own.  

Miller also gives Reverend Hale a role in The Crucible that his namesake did not actually have in life.  Miller seems to use him as a representative for those who know that something unjust is occurring and do nothing to stop it.  Despite his misgivings as early as Act Two, Hale supports the court's authority and proceedings.  Then, in Act Three, instead of continuing to fight against the court he now realizes is corrupt, he simply abandons Salem to its own devices.  Later, in Act Four, his conscience compels him to return and counsel the convicted; he wants to save their lives, and he has realized his role in their destruction.  The real-life Hale did none of these things; Miller changes, him, however, to symbolize those people who question and say nothing.

Further, the real Abigail Williams did not rob Parris and board a ship with Mercy Lewis to escape the storm she caused.  Instead, she lived out the remainder of her life quietly.  Again, Miller wants to make the girls seem as culpable as possible because he is using the girls who cause the witch hysteria to represent McCarthy and the HUAC.  

Who is Owl Eyes? What surprises him about Gatsby's library?

Owl Eyes is the name that Nick gives to a "stout middle-aged man" with "enormous owl-eyed spectacles." Nick meets this man at Gatsby's house in Chapter Three when he wanders into the library with Jordan while attending a party.

Owl Eyes is surprised by Gatsby's library because the books are real, a fact which he clearly did not anticipate, as we see from his verbal reaction:

“Absolutely real — have pages and everything. I thought they’d be a nice durable cardboard."

Owl Eyes notices, however, that the books have not been read, since the pages are "uncut." Nevertheless, Owl Eyes is seriously impressed by Gatsby's "thoroughness" and "realism" in creating an image of being educated and refined when, evidently, Jay Gatsby does not read books. Owl Eyes is so impressed that he likens Gatsby to David Belasco, a prominent theatre director of the 1920s. This suggests that Owl Eyes believes Gatsby to be a fraud, though the level of his deceptive skill comes as a pleasant surprise.

Why does the author repeatedly refer to Della and Jim as "the James Dillingham Youngs?"

The name "Dillingham" has money and upper-class connotations. Jim's last name is Young. The "Dillingham" must have been a sort of tribute to Jim's grandfather, who was evidently an important man, as symbolized by the big gold watch. Jim could never have afforded to buy such a watch himself. It had been handed down from grandfather, to father, to Jim.

Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's and his grandfather's....

Della not only loves her husband, but she is proud of being married to a man who comes from impressive background. This explains why she is so strongly motivated to buy him an expensive fob that will suitably complement his watch. She knows he is proud of it, not only because of its beauty and value, but because it is a symbol of his ancestry. She herself is evidently from an inferior background. O. Henry hints at this in her dialogue. For example:

“Don't you like me just as well, anyhow? I'm me without my hair, ain't I?”

Jim would never use "ain't," nor would he ever correct her for using the word herself. He is a gentleman. He suffers more than she does from their privations. She has multiple reasons for wanting to buy him a beautiful Christmas present. She isn't doing it merely for love. She feels sorry for him because he has to work so hard at a low-paying clerical job and because he has to support her. There is a strong suggestion that she may be pregnant. When he comes home, the author records some of her observations.

The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty-two—and to be burdened with a family! He needed a new overcoat and he was without gloves.

Jim also has to use an ugly attachment for his gold watch.

Grand as the watch was, he sometimes looked at it on the sly on account of the old leather strap that he used in place of a chain.

In buying Jim a fob that will be "worthy" of his watch, Della is trying to be "worthy" of her distinguished husband. Her strongest motivation is her fear of losing him. She likes being Mrs. James Dillingham Young. But when she sacrifices her hair to buy the platinum fob, she fears she may be in greater danger of losing him. 

The name "Dillingham," reflects Jim's superior social background, his present fallen condition, his pride in his ancestry, his possession of such an expensive watch, his distinction in the eyes of his adoring wife, her motivation to buy him an exceptional Christmas present, her sacrifice of her beautiful hair, and his sacrifice of his watch to buy her the combs which she may not need for years. 

O. Henry suggests early in the story that Jim may also sacrifice the name Dillingham along with the watch.

Also appertaining thereunto was a card bearing the name “Mr. James Dillingham Young.” The “Dillingham” had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the letters of “Dillingham” looked blurred, as though they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest and unassuming D. 

When the economy improves and Jim can afford to buy new calling cards, the cards will read "James D. Young." He will have merged into the lower middle class psychologically along with Della. Both were inordinately proud of their "treasures." In sacrificing her hair and in Jim's sacrificing his "Dillingham," they are both accepting the reality of their humble stations in life. They are somewhat similar to Monsieur and Madame Loisel in Guy de Maupassant's famous story "The Necklace," in that they have to face the reality of being plain, ordinary people.

What do Fan and Belle say to Scrooge in A Christmas Carol?

Upon first glace, the role of women in A Christmas Carol seems very limited.  However, while the majority of the narrative focuses on Scrooge, minor characters such as Scrooge's sister Fan, his ex-fiancée Belle, and even Mrs. Cratchit play significant roles in his development.  Of these three characters, two of them have direct interactions with him, both occurring during the memories conjured by the Ghost of Christmas Past.

Fan, Scrooge's younger sister and mother of Fred, who is now Scrooge's only living relative, played a major part is Scrooge's childhood.  As a young boy, Scrooge was sent away to boarding school.  While the reader is never given a specific reason why, Fan's words suggest that Scrooge's home life was far from ideal.  Scrooge views one memory of himself in which Fan arrives at the boarding school, hugs him and claims "I have come to bring you home, dear brother!"  She goes on to state,

"Father is so much kinder than he used to be, that home's like Heaven!  He spoke so gently to me one dear night when I was going to bed, that I was not afraid to ask him once more if you might come home; and he said Yes, you should; and sent me in a coach to bring you.  And you're to be a man!"

Fan's words illuminate her close relationship with Scrooge.  However, this happy memory is cut short by the spirit's statement that "She died a woman."  One of the most loving relationship that Scrooge experienced ended in a heartbreaking loss, which could explain why he has distanced himself from Fred.  He very well could be afraid to allow family in.

As Scrooge grew, he started to develop a different type of relationship with Belle.  After the spirit takes Scrooge through the revelry of Fezziwig's Ball, he shows Scrooge a much bleaker scene.  In this memory Scrooge is older, "in the prime of life" and sitting beside Belle, with whom he had fallen in love.  As was the case with Fan, Belle's words reveal the truth of the memory.  Belle states, "Another idol has displaced me," meaning that Scrooge has come to love money as he once loved her.  Scrooge protests, but Belle continues,

"[...] if you were free to-day, to-morrow, yesterday, can even I believe that you would choose a dowerless girl - you who, in your very confidence with her, weigh everything by Gain: or, choosing her, if for a moment you were false enough to your one guiding principle to do so, do I not know that your repentance and regret would surely follow?  I do; and I release you.  With a full heart, for the love of him you once were."

Thus, Belle ends the relationship because she no longer wants him to feel obligated to someone he no longer loves.  For the second time, the reader sees a once beautiful become tarnished, this time by greed.  These two instances mark two of the major reasons for Scrooge's misanthropic view of the world.  One love was taken away by death, the other by his growing greed. While their words to Scrooge are few, they speak volumes.  His loss of the love represented by the two women is one of the major reasons he became the cold, hateful man we meet at the start of the tale.

29.1 gallons of water flow past a given point in Cicero Creek every second. How many milliliters flow past that point each minute?

This question requires two conversions: 1. from gallons to milliliters and 2. from seconds to minutes. We will need the conversion factors for both.

1. We know that there are 60 seconds in one minute.

2. We can look up the conversion factor for gallons to milliliters. See the link below where you can find that one gallon is equal to 3.785 L. There are one thousand milliliters in one liter, so 1 gallon has 3785 milliliters. 

Now that we know the conversion factors, we calculate as follows:

29.1 gallons/second * 60 seconds/minute * 3785 milliliters/gallon = 6608610 milliliters per minute, which can be written as 6.6086 X 10^6 ml/min.

We know to multiply the conversion factors by examining the units. As we multiply, the seconds are canceled out, as are the gallons, leaving us with milliliters per minute.

What is the density of uranium hexafluoride gas at 60 C and .98 atm in g/mL?

Density is mass divided by volume.  Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, has a molar mass of 352.0 grams per mole. We can use the ideal gas law which relates volume, temperature, pressure and number of moles of gas to solve this. We don't have a specific volume or number of moles, but we can make some substitutions in the ideal gas law to arrive at an equation used to find the density of a gas if the pressure, temperature and molar mass are known. The temperature must be converted to Kelvins: 60ºC +272=333K

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

Molar mass = mass/moles, so mass = (M)(n).

Density = m/V

d = Mn/V

V = Mn/d

Rearrange PV=nRT: PV/n = RT

Substitute Mn/d for V: PMn/dn = RT

Cancel out "n" and rearrange:

d = PM/RT

We now have an equation that will give us density if we know pressure, molar pass of the gas, and temperature:

d =  (0.98 atm)(352.0 g/mol)/(0.0821 L-atom/mol-K)(333 K) = 12.61 gram/L

Convert to grams/mL:

12.61 grams/L x 1 L/1000 ml = 0.0126 g/ml

Where is a quote that shows Tom Buchanan being a jerk in Chapter 2?

Honestly, it is difficult to read any chapter of The Great Gatsby and not find several quotes that show Tom Buchanan is a jerk.  Perhaps the worst thing he does in Chapter 2 is break Myrtle Wilson's nose. 

Tom wants to show off his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, to Nick, and they go to the Wilson's house and garage, where he insults Mr. Wilson and commands Myrtle to get on the train to New York.  They meet up again in New York, where Tom buys Myrtle a dog and then they all proceed to the apartment Tom has leased for Myrtle and himself, their "love nest," where they are joined by Myrtle's sister Catherine and a neighboring couple, the McKees. Everyone gets quite drunk at this party, and Tom and Myrtle have a falling out.  Tom is angry with Myrtle because he wants her to stay in her sexy mistress role and not discuss with him his marriage to Daisy. 

Tom tells her she has no right to even say Daisy's name, and she screams "Daisy" repeatedly.  Then,

Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand" (41).

This breaks up the party. The guests leave, with Myrtle "the despairing figure on the couch bleeding fluently" (42) and Nick leaves Tom and Myrtle to go wait for the next train home.

Tom is a racist, ignorant, unintelligent, domineering, and cheating character.  If he has any redeeming virtues in this novel, I must have missed them. Daisy's remaining with him is a triumph of class solidarity over love and common sense. 

Why did Kenny and Joetta tell a story about how their mother made them wear a lot of clothes?

In The Watsons Go to Birmingham—1963 by Christopher Paul Curtis, the Watsons live in Flint, Michigan, where it gets cold in the wintertime. Kenny, Joetta, and Byron Watson’s mother is from Alabama, where it is much warmer than in Michigan. She is worried about her children getting too cold. In winter, she makes the children dress in many layers of clothes to keep warm. They wear so many layers that they are hot and sweaty by the time they get to school. They are also each given two pairs of real leather gloves.

This story is important for a few reasons. First, Kenny gives his first pair of gloves to his friend Rufus who has no gloves of his own. Kenny tells his mother he lost them, and she gives him the second pair. Kenny risks getting in trouble to help his friend. The school bully then takes Kenny’s second, and last, pair of gloves. His big brother Byron seeks out the bully and beats him up to get the gloves back. Byron is a troublemaker and picks on Kenny quite a bit. This incident shows how much Byron really cares for Kenny, even if Byron is too tough to admit it. Later in the story, Byron continues to help Kenny, even saving him from death. The story about the winter clothes is also an illustration about the closeness of the Watson family, which is an important element of the entire book.

In Raymond's Run, they talk about a character called Gretchen. What are some characteristics of Gretchen? Leave quotations and citations from...

Gretchen P. Lewis is the new girl in town in Toni Cade Bambara’s short story “Raymond’s Run.” By her sheer presence she alienates Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, who is known as Squeaky, from a number of her friends. These so called friends, are known as Gretchen’s'sidekicks." Squeaky’s cantankerous attitude toward the others does contribute to the rift.

So I’m strolling down Broadway breathing out and breathing in on counts of seven, which is my lucky number, and here comes Gretchen and her sidekicks: Mary Louise, who used to be a friend of mine when she first moved to Harlem from Baltimore and got beat up by everybody till I took up for her on account of her mother and my mother used to sing in the same choir when they were young girls, but people ain’t grateful, so now she hangs out with the new girl Gretchen and talks about me like a dog; and Rosie, who is as fat as I am skinny and has a big mouth where Raymond is concerned and is too stupid to know that there is not a big deal of difference between herself and Raymond and that she can’t afford to throw stones.

When Squeaky encounters the group of girls, they all participate in a bantering session except for Gretchen. She stands quietly eyeing Squeaky, but she never says a word knowing that she will have her chance to let her running ability do the talking. At this point, Gretchen is happy to be leader of the girl group.

Then Gretchen puts her hands on her hips and is about to say something with her freckle-face self but doesn’t. Then she walks around me looking me up and down but keeps walking up Broadway, and her sidekicks follow her.

On the day of the race, Squeaky takes care of Raymond by getting him situated in the swings prior to the race. She scans the grounds for Gretchen, who is nowhere to be seen until the start of the race. Gretchen arrives at the starting line before Squeaky where she shows off her form. The girls run a tightly contested race, but Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker is declared the winner. Gretchen comes in a close second.

“In second place—Miss Gretchen P. Lewis.” And I look over at Gretchen wondering what the “P” stands for. And I smile. Cause she’s good, no doubt about it. Maybe she’d like to help me coach Raymond; she obviously is serious about running, as any fool can see. And she nods to congratulate me and then she smiles. And I smile.

Gretchen is magnanimous in her loss. She knows that she is a good runner, and so does Squeaky. Although, Squeaky finds it hard to relate to other girls, she realizes that she and Gretchen have established a mutual respect for each other. They share a genuine smile, which Squeaky does not think is possible for girls. But, this smile is born out of mutual respect and that makes all the difference.

What is the subject of the speech "Attitude" by Margaret Atwood?

Margaret Atwood gave the speech "Attitude" during the commencement ceremony for graduates of University of Toronto on June 14th, 1983. 30-some years later, much of what she says still rings true for graduates of liberal arts schools today. 

In the speech, Atwood discusses many topics. She talks about her own experience at a liberal arts school and uses a humorous tone to describe her many escapades and trials afterwards, finding work and advancing her writing. 

Atwood also discusses the uncertainty that many of the graduates are about to face, saying that "ejection" is a better word for what they are doing, as the students will be ejected from the relative safety of college and thrown into an uncertain real world where they'll have to make their way. As a metaphor, she says, "There are definitely going to be days when you will feel that you’ve been given a refrigerator and sent to the middle of a jungle, where there are no three-pronged grounded plugholes."

Atwood then launches into the story of preparing her speech, giving a few examples of messages she considered leaving the graduates with, most humorous bits of hopelessness, like the uselessness of everything she learned in college and silly theories on writers and writing. 

In the last three paragraphs of her speech, though, Atwood gets to her main message: that the graduates will have a choice as they face the often dismal world. They can choose to look at the negative or positive in life and that choice impacts the world. As she puts it, "You may not be able to alter reality, but you can alter your attitude towards it, and this, paradoxically, alters reality. Try it and see."

What is the white stuff called when you are melting styrofoam with nail polish remover and what do you do with it?

The white stuff that is left behind is still styrofoam, better known as polystyrene.  Styrofoam is up to 95% trapped air, so when you put the styrofoam in an organic solvent, such as acetone, it releases the trapped air.  The styrofoam residue that is left behind is a lattice work that crisscrossed itself in rigid form with the trapped air.  Acetone is an organic solvent that is effective in dissolving styrofoam, plastics, glue, pine sap, and many other things that have a glue-like, sticky residue.  Acetone is the key ingredient in nail polish remover.  Acetone has a strong odor and is extremely flammable.  Care should be taken when conducting an experiment such as dissolving styrofoam in acetone.  A well-ventilated area, outdoors, perhaps, would be best so as to avoid inhaling toxic fumes.

After dissolving your styrofoam (actually a trademark of the Dow Chemical Company), you can recycle it through a local polystyrene recycling agent. Since the air cells are broken down, making the styrofoam more compact, it is simpler to recycle. Since dissolving styrofoam in nail polish remover contaminates indoor air quality, it is not advisable to dissolve styrofoam just for recycling, but, if you have conducted a school experiment with acetone and styrofoam, you can recycle (you and your class) the melted polystyrene remaining, which gets more solidified as more acetone evaporates.

What makes a good introduction to a persuasive essay?

There are two different strategies that I find helpful in introducing a persuasive essay. First is to provide a striking fact. Second is to provide a striking anecdote.  In either case, it is necessary to write a thesis statement at the end of the introduction, to let the reader know what you are trying to persuade them about, along with your supporting points. 

Let's suppose I want to persuade my readers to vote. I might begin with a statistic, like this:

Only 10% of the people who are eligible to vote elect our nation's leaders.

I don't know if that is a fact, but for the sake of this discussion, let's assume it is.  I am counting on my reader to find that a shocking fact, and then I can build on that fact throughout the introduction, perhaps like this:

Only 10% of the people who are eligible to vote elect our nation's leaders. This means that a very small minority of people is weighing in on who should be in charge of the country.  This does not seem like a desirable state of affairs, when our leaders' actions and decisions affect 100% of the country.  Everyone should vote, to have a voice in the direction of the country, to exercise a right that people have died for, and to perform a civic responsibility. 

I have opened with a shocking statistic and then explained its implications, making clear I do not find them good ones. I end with a thesis statement, what I want to persuade my reader to do, along with three good reasons to do so.  This is one strategy that can be used to introduce a persuasive essay.

An anecdote is just a little story, a vignette that you can open with, to get the reader's attention with a bit of drama.  If I were writing a persuasive essay about amnesty for unlawful immigrants, I could begin with this:

The little Latina girl sobs as her parents are led away by federal officers.  The parents' faces are frozen in grief, as they are taken back to Mexico, to a life without their child.  This is the state of immigration today. 

From there, I could go on to discuss immigration a bit, finally ending in a thesis statement, urging my readers to support amnesty, along with at least a few good reasons for doing so. 

In a persuasive essay, in addition to using logic or ethics to make your case, you can appeal to the emotions of your reader, using what we call pathos. And certainly, if you can use that at the very beginning, you are getting off to a great start. 

In The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail, how does Henry's non-conforming beliefs help convey the theme of the play?

Henry's non- conforming beliefs in The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail enhance the play's theme of freedom.

Freedom is one of the most important themes in The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail.  Henry's non- conformist beliefs is one way to communicate this.  Henry continually speaks of the need to be free in both thought and action:

If one honest man in this state of Massachusetts had the conviction and the courage to withdraw from this unholy partnership and let himself be locked up in the County Jail, it'd be the start of more true freedom than we've seen since a few farmers had the guts to block the British by the bridge up the road.

The quote above shows the importance of Henry's unwillingness to follow the majority.  Another moment where Henry's non- conformity amplifies the theme of freedom is when he tells Ellen to "stand up" against her father's efforts to control her and her brother's education.  Through his insistence that Ellen "stand up for herself," Henry shows his passion towards independence of thought.

In the drama, the theme of freedom is enhanced through Henry's commitment to own voice.  Henry consistently speaks of not being a "slave." This is shown in the drama as being free to think and act in a way that reflects a person's conscience.  Henry embodies this in his non- conformist ways.   

In chapter 3 of Freak the Mighty, compare and contrast answers between Max and Kevin.

Chapter three of Philbrick's Freak the Mighty is when Max and Kevin are getting to know each other better after their first awkward meeting the day before. Kevin is playing with a toy he calls an ornithopter that looks like a plane with flapping wings. It's stuck in a tree, so Max goes over to retrieve it for him. The way characters speak gives the reader insight into their personalities, and in this case, both of the characters also learn about each other from the way each boy answers the other. For example, Max usually answers questions with one or two monosyllabic words, whereas Kevin's answers are highly intellectual and multisyllabic. This shows that Kevin has more background in reading and education than Max does. Where Kevin would call his toy an ornithopter, Max would call it a plane. Another way that Kevin and Max contrast by the way they speak is that Kevin calls Max names such as "earthling" and "it." Max, on the other hand, responds with "that's cool" or "over there" (13-14).

One way that Kevin and Max compare with the way they communicate is that they both also resort to showing the other what they mean when there is a misunderstanding. For instance, Kevin asks where Max lives and all Max can say is, "Over there." Kevin doesn't understand, so Max decides to pick him up and take him over to his house. He then takes Kevin down to the basement where his bedroom is, and Kevin falls in love with the set-up. Later on, when Kevin realizes that Max doesn't understand his big words, he shows Max how to use a dictionary and how to think about reading and writing differently. Fortunately, even though Max and Kevin would be unlikely to communicate because of the educational differences between them, both are able to show or teach the other what he means for complete understanding.

What Is Eco-Criticism? Use Helon Habila's novel Oil On Water as a textual example.

Ecocriticism is a field of inquiry that first developed in the 1970s. It refers to the study of literature, and the arts generally, from an environmental perspective.

There are two waves of Ecocriticism. The first wave mainly concerned itself with local conservation. The second wave concerns itself with globalization, and looks at how environmental concerns impact poor communities and communities of color (e.g., environmental racism).

Helon Habila's "Oil on Water" is part of the second wave of Ecocriticism. It looks at the ways in which the environmental destruction of the Niger Delta, due to greed for petrodollars, has warped human relationships. 

Two men, Rufus and Zaq, journey upriver, observing the destruction that oil companies reap on the ecosystem along the delta: "dead birds draped over tree branches, their outstretched wings black and slick with oil; dead fishes bobbed white-bellied between tree roots". 

Initially, villagers are excited to receive a contract with the oil companies (the novel probably mirrors Nigeria's relationship with Royal Dutch Shell), but the result of such an alliance is not prosperity; instead it results in the loss of their homes. Once water becomes contaminated, fields become non-arable, causing villages to be abandoned. Survivors of this environmental crisis are given jobs at the oil company -- a means of keeping them quiet and ensuring loyalty -- while others turn to crime for profit.

Ecocriticism, particularly the second wave, looks at the connections that human beings have to their environment and how those connections, even at seemingly minor levels, are necessary in maintaining a sustainable environment. Habila's novel is a work with an Ecocritical context because it examines these connections, and shows what happens when ecosystems no longer function.

List the main functions of RAM?

RAM or Random-Access Memory is a type of computer data storage and stores the files that are in use while the computer is running. These files may include various programs such as operating system, etc. RAM allows for faster access to files, as compared to other types of data storage. A RAM is a temporary type of data storage device, since all the files and data on it will be lost when we power off the computer.

Permanent data storage devices such as hard drives, CDs or DVDs, USB drives, etc. store the data permanently. However, it takes a long time to access this data. In comparison, RAM stores the files the first time they are accessed and keeps them handy while the computer is still switched on. This quick data access provides a great significance to the RAM. These days, one can get computers with up to 16 GB (and possibly more) of RAM. Smartphones with 3-4 GB of RAM are also available. 

Faster data access means that people are willing to pay more for bigger size RAM in their computers and smartphones. 

Hope this helps. 

In chapter ten of A Separate Peace, Gene says, "Fear seized my stomach like a cramp." What's he describing in this simile?

In chapter ten of A Separate Peace, Gene visits his friend Leper who has gone AWOL (absent without leave) from the army. The telegram that Gene received from Leper in chapter nine says that he "escaped" and asks that Gene visit him at his home. Curious, Gene takes a train up to Vermont to see Leper and discovers that he's definitely not himself after experiencing the army for a few short weeks. At the beginning of their conversation, Gene naturally asks questions to discover the meaning behind Leper's odd telegram and behavior. He asks what Leper means by "escaped" the army because it isn't normal to escape the army. Leper responds as follows:

"Normal . . . You're thinking I'm  not normal, aren't you? I can see what you're thinking—I see a lot I never saw before. . . you're thinking I'm psycho" (143). 

The context behind what Leper says is rather complex for Gene to digest. He quickly thinks of the word psycho and thinks Leper got that word somewhere far from Devon or Vermont. It's this creepy word psycho that sends Gene to thinking, "Fear seized my stomach like a cramp" (144). This simile seems to show Gene's adrenaline rocketing into his stomach in response to the fear he feels; and just as a cramp hurts, it can also cause one to stop what he's doing at the moment in order to relieve the pain. Therefore, Gene's reaction to this fear is felt in his stomach, which then stops him like a cramp. Another way to put it is Gene experiences the abstract feeling of fear mentally and physically, as if it were in his stomach, paralyzing him.

What is the significance of Myrtle's desire for a dog in The Great Gatsby?

Dogs have long been used by writers and artists as symbols of fidelity, hence the classic name "Fido."  Myrtle's impulsive desire for a dog on the street in NYC is both ironic and poignant.  

Both she and Tom Buchanan are married to others while they engage in their affair, so when Tom purchases the dog cheaply and tells the man who sells it to them, "go and buy yourself ten more dogs," it is suggestive of how little he values the loyalty that dogs epitomize.  Myrtle is so unfamiliar with dogs that she does not recognize its breed or gender-- ironically suggestive of how little she knows about fidelity.

Poignancy is found in the fact that the dog is forgotten rather quickly when they reach the apartment.  Tom and Myrtle spend the afternoon and evening drinking, having sex, and arguing. The puppy becomes a very temporary ersatz child in the "domestic" relationship that Myrtle naively believes will become permanent.  

The episode with the dog contributes to one of Fitzgerald's primary messages in The Great Gatsby: America was losing touch with real values, and the transient pleasures that were taking their place lacked true substance and worth.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott.  The Great Gatsby.  Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925.

How did Arthur Miller manage to create what has been considered an iconic literary work and a barbed criticism of American society?

The Crucible by Arthur Miller is considered an iconic literary work because of its relevance to American society and the lessons it sought to communicate. It highlights some of the issues and conflicts brought about by mass hysteria. It is through this information that people are accorded an opportunity to reflect and improve on their society. In the story, we are able to learn much about human nature and the risks of blind persecution fueled by prejudice, societal conflicts and inflated egos.

The Crucible is a criticism of American society because the author not only told the story of the Salem witch trials, but also sought to challenge the society to recognize similar situations that are appalling in nature, both historically and in present times. The play forces the reader to question the rationale of those involved in the trials and the reasons why such a situation would occur despite all the logical evidence against it. Although the witch hunts occurred in 1692, other forms of witch hunts have occurred in American society since. Consider, for instance, the persecution and prosecution of individuals suspected of supporting communism in the US in 1919 (First Red Scare) and 1947 (Second Red Scare). In this regard, it seemed that American society learned nothing from the witch trials, which were based on hysteria and the opportunity to settle personal issues.

Despite Jem’s disagreement, Scout says she thinks that Boo Radley is in the Radley home and watching the kids play. Why does Scout feel so...

At the beginning of Chapter 4, Scout finds chewing gum in the knothole of the Radley tree. Later on, she and Jem discover a pair of Indian-head pennies in the same spot. These two events foreshadow Scout's revelation that Boo Radley is still alive and lives inside the house. As the chapter continues, Jem rolls Scout in a tire down the street, and she accidentally crashes into the Radley porch. Scout gets up in a daze and Jem runs inside the Radley fence to grab the tire. After the children drink their lemonade and take a break from playing, Jem says they're going to a play a new game called "Boo Radley." At first, Scout decides she's not going to play and mentions that Boo can get out at night and harm them. Jem claims that Boo Radley has been dead for years and was stuffed up a chimney. Scout says,

"I was fairly sure Boo Radley was inside that house, but I couldn't prove it, and felt it best to keep my mouth shut or I would be accused of believing in Hot Steams, phenomena I was immune to in the daytime." (Lee 51)

Scout decides to play, and the children act out a "melancholy drama" they name "One Man's Family." One day, Atticus sees the children playing and asks Jem if it has anything to do with the Radleys. Jem says it doesn't, then tells Scout and Dill that they should continue to play. Scout comments that Atticus' arrival is the second reason she wanted to quit the game. She says,

"The first reason happened the day I rolled into the Radley front yard. Through all the head-shaking, quelling of nausea and Jem-yelling, I had heard another sound, so low I could not have heard it from the side-walk. Someone inside the house was laughing." (Lee 54)

The last sentence of Chapter 4 is when Scout reveals why she feels certain that someone is inside the house. Scout believes that Boo Radley was the person she heard laughing. Not only does Boo Radley secretly give the children gifts at the beginning of the chapter, but he also laughs at Scout when she crashes into the house. His friendly, light-hearted actions suggest that he is not the "malevolent phantom" that the children think he is.

Why did Dimmesdale confess in public?

Dimmesdale confesses in public because of his cowardice and unwillingness to confess to his sin with Hester Prynne and being Pearl's father, Dimmesdale is consumed with guilt. He continually fights an inner battle between telling the truth and saving his reputation as a spiritual leader within the town. He knows that any real man worth his salt would not allow Hester to take the town's ridicule and punishment, yet he does because of his fear of the townspeople and their derision. He keeps his secret hidden for years and is so wracked with guilt that he carves an "A" on his own chest to signify his adulterous act. Although he seeks some solace in the plan he and Hester have devised to escape the town, when it falls apart, he appears to realize that the only real freedom he will experience must come from confession. Therefore, to counter his secrecy concerning his sin, Dimmesdale finally does what he considers the most honorable thing - telling everyone that he was Pearl's father. He decides that on the most important day of the year, Election Day, he would expose his "crime," leading people to come to whatever conclusions they will and finding his ultimate deliverance from both his guilt and from his fear of men.

I need a critical account of Aristotle's view of poetry as an art form.

Aristotle's main work about poetry is his Poetics. In this work, he attempts to explain the nature of poetry and how it functions in the polis. He divides poetry into two main types, epic and dramatic. Both genres are essentially narrative, and use meter, but proceed by different formal structures. Dramatic verse consists purely of mimesis or imitation of action, in which actors perform on a stage imitating the characters portrayed. Epic is a mixed genre that includes mimesis (the rhapsode reciting the epic imitating dialogue) and diegesis or narration (in which the rhapsode narrates the events in the third person). Drama is divided into two types, comedy, which makes fun of ignoble characters, and tragedy which evokes fear and pity by portraying the fall of noble characters. 

While Plato believed that most forms of poetry harmed the polis, Aristotle viewed poetry in a more positive light, believing that it helped people achieve catharsis (purgation) of emotions by means of feeling fear and pity at the spectacle before them. 

While Aristotle's account of poetry has been enormously influential, critics do argue that it is limited by Aristotle's ignorance of literary forms other than those used in classical Greece and his tendency to universalize conclusions drawn from a limited set of evidence. 

In the part of the book that starts with, “Soon there was little time…,” what do Lyddie’s actions and thoughts reveal about how working...

Working conditions for Lyddie are getting fast.  The factory floor was busy to begin with, but now Lyddie is working four looms all by herself.  The job was never particularly fun, but Lyddie found time to talk to other girls and study her page of Oliver Twist.  With the factory's new speed though, Lyddie doesn't have time for either.  Lyddie is simply too busy to notice anything other than her four looms.  

Now she hardly noticed people anymore.

The cumulative effect on Lyddie is that she is exhausted . . . constantly.  Lyddie is operating in an automated daze.  

Nor did she notice that the taste of the meat was a bit off or the potatoes moldy.

Lyddie is so completely exhausted that she doesn't even notice moldy food.  That's tired.  Weekends are no help either.  Lyddie is too exhausted to socialize with the girls in the house, and she can't even physically rouse herself to go to church.  The only thing Lyddie now does on Sundays is sleep.

Lyddie's condition shows that the factories are not worried about the health of their employees.  The girls are worked to the ragged edge, and the factory doesn't care.  The girls are working more machines, for longer hours, with less food, and less rest.  Lyddie likes to think that she is not a slave, but the narration on page 98 paints a different picture.  

Why does Harper Lee call To Kill a Mockingbird a melancholy little drama?

The term melancholy can be defined as being in a "gloomy state of mind" for a long time or as a state of depression. It can also be defined as being in a state of serious "thoughtfulness" or "pensiveness" (Random House Dictionary). Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird certainly puts readers in both those states of mind due to its themes.

In addition, the term drama is used to refer to any type of fiction that relays a story through dialogue and conflict ("Drama," Literary Devices). Though comedies can also be dramas, outside of its literary definition, the term drama has also come to represent any events that lead to "vivid, emotional, conflicting," or impressive outcomes and, therefore, evoke very emotional responses (Random House Dictionary). Lee's novel is certainly a drama in both the literary sense and the more emotional sense.

Though Lee's novel has a generally satisfying ending for the protagonist Scout, her novel can also be seen as evoking gloomy emotions because it deals with the very tragic topic of racism. In dealing with the topic of racism, Lee provokes her readers to think deeply about the consequences of racism and to realize the extent to which Christian white Americans behave hypocritically by adhering to racist beliefs. Though it has been said that the novel has a generally uplifting ending, the reality is that not much changes--Maycomb remains adhering to its racist beliefs. In the words of Miss Maudie, Maycomb has only made a "baby-step" towards creating a more just society, which can certainly be seen as a rather depressing ending (Ch. 22).

The book is also clearly a literary drama because it tells a story through its characters, dialogue, and conflicts. Some central conflict in the novel concern the children's self-conflicts as their views of themselves and the world change as the children mature. Another central conflict concerns the ridicule the children must overcome as a result of Atticus's decision to defend Tom Robinson. Not only do the children have to resolve these conflicts, the resolution concerning Tom Robinson's conflict is actually quite disturbing: Robinson is not vindicated as he so justly deserves; he is instead shot to death with 17 bullets. Since Robinson's ending is so tragic, his ending evokes a very emotional response from the reader, making it a very emotionally dramatic ending.

How do cells obtain energy?

The process that produces energy for the body to use is called cellular respiration.

ATP the energy source used by cells. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is produced during cellular respiration.  

Cellular respiration can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. However, much more energy is produced for the body when cellular respiration is completed in the presence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, 34-38 ATP are produced. In the absence of oxygen, the net yield of ATP produced is 2.

ATP is formed in the presence of oxygen during the process that is known as aerobic cellular respiration. This process occurs within mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. There are three main parts of aerobic cellular respiration- glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain. Overall, aerobic cellular respiration converts the sugar called glucose and oxygen gas into carbon dioxide gas, water, and 34-36 ATP.

Here, the processes that occur during each phase of aerobic cellular respiration can be read in greater detail.

Anaerobic respiration is sometimes referred to as fermentation. Fermentation is a metabolic process in which organisms convert carbohydrates, such as starch or sugar, into lactic acid or alcohol.

Ethanol fermentation is the type of fermentation that produces alcohol. It is done by yeast and some strains of bacteria. During ethanol fermentation, pyruvate from glucose metabolism is broken into ethanol and carbon dioxide.  Because ethanol fermentation produces alcohol, it is used to produce beer and wine. The carbon dioxide produced by ethanol fermentation is advantageous in the making of breads.

During lactic acid fermentation, six-carbon carbohydrates, such as the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis or lactose, are converted into cellular energy (ATP) and lactic acid. Lactic acid occurs within muscle cells during intense intervals of activity when energy is needed at a faster rate than oxygen can be supplied. The lactic acid produced is the “burn” that athletes feel after an intense workout.

What are the disadvantages of double-entry bookkeeping?

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Based on his autobiography The Long Walk to Freedom, how did Nelson Mandela oppose racism?

In his autobiography A Long Walk to Freedom, Nelson Mandela narrates his life as he fought for freedom of Africans in South Africa. As a political activist, Mandela participated in many ways to fight for equality by opposing racism, all of which are detailed in part three of his autobiography, titled "Birth of a Freedom Fighter."

Mandela begins part three of his book by stating that there was not one moment in his life in which he said to himself, "From henceforth I will devote myself to the liberation of my people" (Ch. 11). On the contrary, he merely found himself involved in the fight and "could not do otherwise" (Ch. 11). He further explains that, under the guidance of Walter Sisulu, one of his mentors, he became a proud member of the African National Congress (ANC), an organization Sisulu also supported and was a member of. Hence, becoming involved in the ANC is one way in which Mandela opposed racism.

In 1941, when the US entered World War II, US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill signed into effect the Atlantic Charter to declare the two countries' war aims, both during and after the war. Inspired by the the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the ANC signed its own charter, titled the African Claims, calling for "full citizenship of all Africans, the right to buy land, and the repeal of all discriminatory legislation" (Ch. 11).

While in the ANC, Mandela took part in organizing the ANC Youth League, a second way through which he opposed racism. In 1942, the aim of the Youth League was to rally African youths to more actively protest against inequalities. The Youth League rallied for the "creation of one nation out of many tribes, the overthrow of white supremacy, and the establishment of a truly democratic government" (Ch. 11). In 1946, the Youth League drew inspiration for their own activities from the Natal Indian Congress, an organization that strove to fight discrimination against Indians living in South Africa. The Natal Indian Congress launched a protest against white restriction of freedoms for Indians that became the model of protests for the Youth League. Thousands of the Indian community held mass rallies, picketed on white property, and went to jail. Mandela began to see the fight for freedom as requiring "meticulous organization, militant mass action, and, above all, the willingness to suffer and sacrifice" (Ch. 12). When apartheid started in 1948 under Prime Minister Daniel Malan of the National Party, the Youth League created the Program of Action, which "called for boycotts, strikes, stay-at-homes, passive resistance, protest demonstrations, and other forms of mass action" (Ch. 13). In conjunction with the Transvaal ANC, the Transvaal Indian Congress, the African People's Organization, and the District Committee of the Communist Party, ten thousand people gathered in Johannesburg's Market Square in March 1950 for the "Defend Free Speech Convention" (Ch. 13). The convention also declared May 1st to be Freedom Day, a day of general strikes. Other mass action events were organized, such as the Day of Protest on June 26, a day of "political strike on a national scale" (Ch. 13).

In addition, under the Youth League, he also helped organize the Defiance Campaign of June 26, 1952, the largest-scale, non-violence protest ever to occur in South Africa. On this day, groups of over 250 volunteers marched into Johannesburg, defying apartheid laws and singing freedom songs, and were arrested. Over a period of 5 months, 8,500 participated in the campaign. Though the campaign led to many arrests and failed to overturn apartheid laws, the campaign also drew the attention of the United Nations, leading to a UN investigation. The UN determined that the injustice of apartheid laws was of international concern, marking the beginning of the international fight against apartheid ("Defiance Campaign 1952," South African History Online). These among many other activities are ways in which Mandela oppose racism.

Why can you drink a drink but not eat an eat?

The main reason you can drink a drink but not eat an eat boils down to grammar and meaning.

The word 'drink' can be both verb and noun. A verb is a word which describes action. A noun describes a person, place, or thing. A drink can be named Coca Cola, Sprite, espresso, Root Beer float, or any other beverage. Additionally, you and I can also drink any one of those drinks I have just named off.

As for 'eat,' we usually use this word as a verb. If we want to change this word into a noun, we can try saying something like 'Let's pick up some eats before we go to the show.' Here, 'eats' is the plural form of 'eat.' Depending on where you live (whether in America or another country), this can sound a little strange if you're not used to speaking this way. Most people would say something like, 'Let's pick up some food.'

So, to answer your question, a drink can be used as both noun and verb, but 'eat' is defined as a verb. To change the word 'eat' into a noun, we can pluralize it as 'eats,' but this is an informal or colloquial use of the word. Hope this helps!

Who is the one friend who is too lazy and sleeps anywhere he gets a chance?

A case could be made for any one of the three friends – J., George, or Harris – to match this description. None of them seems to work much on this boat trip, or at least to contribute much to the benefit of the group. At times, any one of them can actually be a hindrance. (An example of this is when Harris tries to make breakfast in Chapter XI.) And yet, each man thinks that he himself is doing more to advance the adventure than either one of the other two.

The answer to this question may lie in an exchange among the men in Chapter XV. George calls Harris and J. “a couple of lazy skulks.” Harris replies by asking, “Have you ever seen George work?” J. agrees that he never has. George retorts with an accusation of his own:

I’m blest if you haven’t been asleep half the time. Have you ever seen Harris fully awake, except at meal time?

J. agrees with George, that Harris sleeps a lot. Here may lie the answer to your question: Harris. After this point is made, however, both Harris and George quickly agree that they haven’t seen J. do anything worthwhile at all. The friends have been on the water for only a few days, and already they’re accusing one another of not pulling their fair weight in the matter.

Why it is good to have a school librarian? How does it benefit students?

The benefits of having a school librarian are tied up with the benefits of having a well-funded and functioning school library. 

First, student leisure reading correlates strongly with improved writing and reading skills. School librarians create programs that encourage students to read, often ensuring the availability of potentially popular books and creating extracurricular activities to encourage reading.

Next, librarians are expert at many types of research skills and pass that knowledge on to students. When students go to a library to look for information, the librarian often is a major resource for helping students understand the details of the research process, either by offering workshops or by helping students on an individual basis. 

As well as developing and maintaining collections and helping with research, librarians can be a center for information literacy and critical thinking skills about media and information resources. 

According to a study by the New Jersey Association of School Librarians, school librarians help students improve test scores, develop research skills, and develop understandings of information technology.

What celebrity would best fits Iago in Othello?

I think that Donald Trump can fit Iago's characteristics in Othello.

Donald Trump and Iago covet advancement. They love to be the center of attention and believe that the promises of the world are directly intended for themselves. For Iago, it's the promotion and power that Cassio possesses.  He directly speaks to this in Act I:

But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor,
And it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets
He has done my office. I know not if 't be true,
But I, for mere suspicion in that kind,
Will do as if for surety.

Iago's desire for power is similar to Donald Trump's pursuit of the American Presidency.  He covets something that someone else has or wants. At his rallies and speeches, Donald Trump speaks of his own accomplishments, his own wealth, and how he alone possesses the way to "make America great again." When he speaks of how "there's something going on" with the current President, he telegraphs a note of resentment that something out there is not his own.  He believes that the office of the President is something that, by virtue of his own personality and success, is "his." Iago and Donald Trump believe that what others have should be rightfully their own.

Donald Trump and Iago are also similar because of their ability to manipulate others into what he wants others to do.  Iago is skilled in the way he sets up people to accomplish his own ends.  What he does, he does knowingly in order to benefit himself and his agenda.  Donald Trump displays some of the same traits.  Trump is able to speak to crowds of people who are politically and economically disenfranchised.  He speaks to them about how ideas like "political correctness" are ruining the nation and how insider "elites" are destroying the chances of America becoming "great again." He speaks to these people and strikes a populist tone.  However, Trump's wealth and social status differentiates himself from his crowd.  He criticizes America's wealthy and powerful, when he himself is one.  He has defied political expectations through such manipulation:

His quick rise demonstrates how a politician can manipulate the electorate, particularly when the field is so large and divided, how name recognition and shock value can so easily tip the scales, and how appealing to fear and prejudice under the guise of "plain talk" can fire up certain segments of the electorate.

In Trump's political strategy, he has shown the ability to manipulate people. This makes him very similar to Iago.

How long after the American Revolution started was the Declaration of Independence signed?

Many people believe the Declaration of Independence started the American Revolution. However, this belief is incorrect, for the war had already begun by the time the Declaration was signed. The first conflicts of the war took place on April 19, 1775, with the battles of Lexington and Concord. The first major battle of the Revolution--the Battle of Bunker Hill--took place two months later, in June 1775.

Despite the fact that the disagreement with Britain had descended into armed conflict, the Second Continental Congress continued to sue for peace. In July, they sent the "Olive Branch Petition" to King George III as a last-ditch attempt for reconciliation. However, George rejected the document and declared the colonies to be in rebellion to Britain.

Over the next few months, it became clear to the Congress that peace was no longer on the table. They drafted a Declaration of Independence and issued it on July 4, 1776. Thus, the war started nearly 1 year and 2 months before the Declaration of Independence was signed.

What was the government like in Jamestown?

The type of government in Jamestown changed over time. Jamestown was established by a expedition sponsored by the Virginia Company, a royally-chartered company in England. The Virginia Company was essentially responsible for governing the colony at first, and they appointed a governor who would govern the colony along with a council. This structure persisted until 1619, when the governor, responding to the demands of the growing colony's landowners, convened a representative body, the House of Burgesses, to meet at regular intervals to establish laws for the colony. Five years later the Virginia Colony lost control of the colony, as the Crown took its charter, assuming responsibility for naming the governor and approving laws passed by the House of Burgesses. After the Glorious Revolution, the capital of the colony moved from Jamestown to what would become known as Williamsburg (after King William III) and the size and influence of the Virginia legislature, dominated by gentry, would expand. But the general structure of the Virginia government was established by the establishment of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown in 1619 under the Virginia Company.

What does Sal see on the roof of Mary Lou's garage? Why does she say, "It made me feel peculiar"?

When Sal is visiting Mary Lou Finney’s house, she looks out the window and sees Mrs. Finney lying on top of the garage. Mr. Finney joins her and lies next to her. He puts his arm around his wife and kisses her. As Sal watches, Mr. and Mrs. Finney kiss. It is this scene that makes Sal feel “peculiar.” It reminds her of her own parents, before their baby had been born and died. Like Mr. and Mrs. Finney, Mr. and Mrs. Hiddle had not been afraid of showing their love. When their baby died, however, Mrs. Hiddle began to pull away from the family and into sadness. They tried to comfort her, but failed. Not only had she lost the baby, but she also had a hysterectomy, which means she can never have any more children. She had wanted to "fill the house with children." Though Mr. and Mrs. Finney form a touching scene, it reminds Sal of all that she, as well as her family, has lost.

What are the causes of population change?

Population, in the simplest terms, means how many organisms live in an area or a given geographic region. In the case of human beings, we generally determine the population of a given region by a census (manual counting after every 10 years).

There are a number of factors that affect the population of a given region. These include births (new organisms added to the population), deaths (number of organisms removed from the population by death), migration (including both emigration and immigration), etc. A number of other non-fixed factors, such as natural disasters (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storms, etc.) and epidemics also cause changes in a population. However, such non-fixed factors are difficult to account for in long-term population forecasting. 

The migration of organisms is affected by the availability or lack of resources in a given region. 

There are a number of methods to forecast the population of a given region and many of these are based on extrapolation of past population trends for the future. Population forecasting is of interest to planners, engineers (especially those involved with the provision of facilities, such as drinking water and waste water management, electricity, etc.) and scientists.

Hope this helps.

What happened after the colonists won the American Revolution?

After the colonists won the Revolutionary War, they formally received their independence with the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783. This agreement recognized the United States as a free and independent nation. It also granted the new nation all of the lands east of the Mississippi River and north of Florida, which belonged to Spain. So this was truly a monumental moment in American history.

But the new nation faced many struggles immediately after independence, some of which stemmed from the government the states had implemented during wartime. Known as the Articles of Confederation, this loose association between the states was powerless to deal with many of the challenges the nation faced. It lacked the power to tax, the power to regulate interstate commerce, and the power to raise an army. Within the states, many struggled with the same issues of war debt that plagued the national government. Many thousands of Loyalists also left the new nation, in the largest refugee movement in American history. As states attempted to pass legislation that would pay off their debt through taxation, the ordinary farmers who inevitably suffered from these measures became angry, and, in Massachusetts, actually rose up in rebellion. The United States also faced the possibility of a Creek-led Indian war on its southwestern frontier, and one with Shawnees in the Ohio Valley. These issues would extend well into the 1790s.

In 1787, fearing that the national government was not powerful enough to address the nation's problems, and worrying in particular about the democratic governments that were being formed (or seemed likely to form) on the state level, a group of delegates from each state except Rhode Island met at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The government they created, the Constitution of the United States, was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, and went into effect, after a lengthy debate over its effects on states rights. When George Washington was sworn in as the new President in 1789, the nation entered a new chapter in its history.

How did the attack on Pearl Harbor backfire on the Japanese?

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor backfired on Japan. When the Japanese attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, it brought the United States into the war. The Japanese had hoped to knock out the American militarily presence in the Pacific Ocean. While they were able to deal a severe blow to our military at Pearl Harbor, the attack woke up the United States. The United States was able to rebuild its military much quicker than expected. Americans wanted revenge for this unprovoked attack that occurred before Japan officially notified us about what was going to happen.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor also backfired on Japan because it brought the United States into the European and African areas of the conflict. Japan’s allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States. We then declared war on Germany and Italy, which allowed us to work closely with Great Britain in the European and African areas of the fighting.

Attacking the United States at Pearl Harbor turned out to be a big mistake for Japan. They weren’t able to defeat us at Pearl Harbor. Once we rebuilt our military, we came back with a vengeance to eventually defeat Japan in the Pacific area and defeat Germany and Italy in Africa and Europe.

Do you have any advice on how to write and revise better history essays?

The first thing that you need to do is to plan.  Find out exactly what your teacher wants--this could be a biography, a retelling of events, or an analysis of a movement.  Also, make sure you are clear on how many sources to use and the length of the assignment.  Also, know the citation method (MLA, APA, Chicago) style the teacher wants. Get started early with your research and writing--do not procrastinate.  Pick a topic that interests you, and find as many sources as possible.  Use primary sources--material written by people from the period.  When checking the value of sources, be aware of bias--many times an autobiography may present the author in the best possible light, but will not give you an objective view of the person.  Write a good thesis statement (one that can be proven) and make an outline where you create your supporting evidence.  Cite anything that is not common knowledge.  Stay away from commonly used phrases such as "in conclusion," and do not ask rhetorical questions.  Also, do not say "I think...." or "I believe..." since this is your essay, and you should think and believe everything in it based on the evidence you have gathered.  

In terms of revision, read your own essay, preferably a day or two after you have finished writing it.  Also, if your school has a writing lab, make use of that resource and get another set of eyes to proofread your paper.  After you are sure the paper is free from grammatical mistakes and the thesis and supporting evidence are strong, you are ready to submit the paper for grading.  

What is the effect of Napoleon's take over on the other animals of Animal Farm?

When Napoleon takes over control of Animal Farm by driving off Snowball, the effect is that he twists the ideals of the animals' revolution to add to his own personal power. He violently purges the farm of imagined enemies by using the dogs. He profits from trade with humans on other farms. He and the other pigs begin to engage in human-like activities, dressing in men's clothes, walking around on two legs, drinking alcohol, and gambling. He also demands more of the other animals, who are expected to sacrifice their labor (on the windmill, in particular) for what is portrayed as the common good. Even old Boxer is sent to the knacker to be killed, a bitter irony considering that Old Major warned him that Mr. Jones would one day send him to this fate. In short, the pigs become more and more corrupt, and this makes life for the other animals as bad or worse as it was under Mr. Jones.

What is important about the Scopes Trial (1925)?

The Scopes Trial became the “trial of the century” (in some people’s minds, at least), because it tapped in to some of the biggest trends and issues of the day.  In addition, it became the trial of the century because it came about at a time when radio was starting to boom.  These two factors combined to make this a very high-profile trial indeed.

Before the 1920s, it would have been very difficult for any trial to capture the attention of the whole country.  There was simply no way of immediately communicating things about the trial to many people far away.  There was certainly no way that people far away could actually hear the events of the trial live. By 1925, however, this had changed. Radios were now common, which meant that the Scopes Trial could become the first trial ever to be broadcast live. This helped greatly in bringing attention to the trial, allowing it to become the trial of the century.

Of course, in order for it to be the trial of the century, it also had to be interesting to a large number of people.  The Scopes Trial was interesting to many people because it was connected to major issues of the time.  During the 1920s, American culture was changing.  Particularly in the cities, the old values were disappearing and being replaced with new ones.  This was a time of jazz and flappers and illicit drinking.  It was a time when more people were moving to cities and leaving fewer in rural areas.   In other words, the old, rural, America with its traditional values was starting to be replaced by a newer, more urban society with newer values.  This made for a great deal of conflict between people who liked the old society and those in favor of the new (this is not unlike the way things are today).

The Scopes Trial became famous because it pitted these two sides against one another.  The new society believed in things like evolution while the old believed in old-fashioned religion. The new society was typified by people like H. L. Mencken, who covered the trial and looked down on the hicks of Dayton, TN while the old society was championed by traditionalists like William Jennings Bryan (who prosecuted the case).  It was presented as a war between new and old America.  Bryan argued that “if evolution wins, Christianity goes” while Clarence Darrow (defending Scopes) claimed that “Scopes isn't on trial; civilization is on trial” and said that the prosecution was trying to bring America back to the Dark Ages.

In short, this trial became a huge deal because it could be broadcast across the country and because it could be presented as a struggle between two contending visions of what the US should be.

Why does the man in the yellow suit go to the Fosters? What does the constable's remark about the gallows seem to predict for the Tucks?

The man in the yellow suit goes to the Foster household to blackmail them.  The Fosters know that Winnie is missing.  They do not know if she has run away or been kidnapped.  The man in the yellow suit goes to the Foster home to tell them that he knows where Winnie is and who has her.  The Fosters are immediately relieved that this seeming good Samaritan is willing to help them out; however, they quickly discover that the man in the yellow suit has a hidden agenda.  He wants to own the woods that the Foster family owns.  He will tell them where Winnie is, if they give him the woods in return.  

"I've got what you want, and you've got what I want. Of course, you might find that child without me, but . . . you might not find her in time. So: I want the wood and you want the child. It's a trade. A simple, clear-cut trade."

The Fosters agree to the trade, and the constable is immediately brought into the situation.  

The man in the yellow suit and the constable both begin riding toward the Tuck home.  The constable is a talkative man, and so he begins trying to strike up a conversation with the man in the yellow suit.  At one point, the constable mentions the gallows.  

"'Course, we got a gallows of our own, if we ever need it. Keeps down trouble, I think, just having it there. Ain't ever used it yet."

The constable's remark about the gallows foreshadows the coming trouble to the Tuck family.  The reader learns that the town has a jail and a gallows.  The gallows information is a useless extra detail, unless for some reason it will be important.  After Mae kills the man in the yellow suit, the gallows becomes a deadly important part of the story.  

I'm reading Susan Glaspell's " Trifles" and " A Jury of her Peers". In understanding better from literary perspective; outside of the setting being...

Great question! When it comes to gender equality, there are issues that often come interconnected with the historical period where they occur. This is because, as theories of individual and group dynamics often argue, issues are symptoms of their society.

Geographical location-

The situation that takes place in "A Jury of Her Peers" occurs in Dickson County. This is a farm-country area which, as it is expected, would consist on large portions of land separated by each landowners' boundaries.

As such, farm life is busy, time-consuming, and isolated. When the female characters in the story find themselves alone, they are at the mercy of whoever is the dominant household member: the male. In Minnie's case, she did not have additional support systems: no friends, no children, no neighbors. This means that she had no way to help empower herself nor learn about self-confidence and initiative. These are behaviors which are often born out of social interaction. When you live in isolation, social interaction goes amiss. 

When Minnie gets married she goes, presumably, from her father's house to that of her husband's. Her husband then decided that she will not share with anyone, or communicate with the outside world. Mrs. Hale never gets to come over because John freaks her out. Therefore, the isolation of the geographical separation render Minnie as a bigger victim of abuse; an abuse that will remain silent and secret forever.

Expectations-

In the words of Mrs. Hale,

There's a great deal of work to be done in a farm

Farm wives not only had to tend to their own households, but also serve as a right hand to their husbands, when needed.

Mrs. Hale, who is a lifelong farm wife, tells us in the story the amount of work that is typically done: cooking, preparing meals, preparing for the weather, mending clothes, keeping the home clean, raising children, and much more.

We know that, when she was single, Minnie was quite happy; she sang in the choir, wore flowers and ribbons in her hair, and seemed to have a lively disposition. Do we know if she would have enjoyed life as a farmer's wife? No. Do we know if the work expected of her made her crack, among other things? No. However, it is quite a possibility that many women did not see coming what was going to become their lives once they married. This applies to farm wives and non farm wives, alike. 

Reality

People are born with different dispositions. Being born and raised in a farm, does not automatically renders you "fit" for farm life. Many people come from families of farmers, doctors, soldiers, or teachers, and turn out becoming something completely different, simply because they ARE different. We do not know if Minnie was someone born with a different disposition than that of Mrs. Hale's. It is clear that Mrs. Hale, and even Mrs. Peters, seemed to be quite content with life, as they knew it. Minnie Wright, however, was a "songbird". We may confidently argue that she may have been born with an artistic streak that set her aside from the other farm wives. Could this be the reason why John Wright wanted to keep such a tight grip on her? It is both plausible and possible. 

As you can see, there are many ways to see how the setting, and specific facts of the plot, help us understand the play Trifles upon conducting a close reading of it. 

What is the difference in the body's reaction when fighting a virus vs bacteria?

Bacterial and viral infections are quite common ailments, often producing similar symptoms. Where I live, we have something called "cold and flu season-" which typically occurs when students are returning for the school year and swapping all of their recently acquired microbes through touching the same surfaces, coughing, and sneezing. These aren't the only means of passing along bacteria or a virus, but sanitary practices in public spaces (like covering a sneeze) can really cut down on transmission rates.

When an infection begins, symptoms may include fever, fatigue, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and diarrhea. Depending on whether the infection is caused by a bacteria or virus, the onset and duration of symptoms can differ.

Viral infections, like the flu, are characterized by relatively low-grade symptoms which peak in a matter of days and typically disappear before two weeks have passed. In people with weakened immune systems, symptoms may be more severe or last longer. 

Bacterial infections, on the other hand, have a slower and stronger onset of symptoms. Fevers may become stronger a few days in, fatigue and aches may worsen, and symptoms can last several weeks. 

What moment might be called the climax in Act 5 of Macbeth?

When Macduff encounters Macbeth on the battlefield, the play is drawing near its climax. Macbeth is still full of his fighting spirit, and he has just finished killing one soldier who dared to confront him. Then Macduff appears and challenges him to hand-to-hand combat. They fight. Then Macbeth pauses and says:

Thou losest labor.
As easy mayst thou the intrenchant air
With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed:
Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests;
I bear a charmed life, which must not yield
To one of woman born.

Macduff's reply to this might be called the climax because it undermines Macbeth's morale. Macduff says:

Despair thy charm,
And let the angel whom thou still hast served
Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb
Untimely ripp'd.

This is not only a surprise to Macbeth, but it comes as a complete surprise to the audience, who realize, along with Macbeth, that he has been deceived by the three witches. It seems possible that Macduff has never mentioned the fact that he was delivered by what in those days must have been a horribly crude and painful operation which might have resulted in his mother's death. He may have kept the secret until this very moment because it was too painful for him to think about. He describes what happened at his birth as being "Untimely ripp'd." 

No doubt the actor playing Macbeth would not respond immediately to this information. There might be a pronounced silence while he digests what he has heard and realizes all its implications. Macbeth has already lose one of his assurances when Birnam Wood appeared to be moving towards Dunsinane. At last he refuses to fight any longer. He knows he is sure to lose. But Macduff taunts him and forces him to continue the fight to the finish.

Under ordinary circumstances Macbeth should be able to beat Macduff, but because Macbeth is psychologically defeated, he is defeated in combat. Macduff has the upper hand for several reasons. Macbeth is unnerved by learning that his "charmed life" is not foolproof. He was reluctant to fight with Macduff in the first place because he felt guilty for the crimes he had committed against his adversary's family. And furthermore, Macduff is so strongly motivated to kill Macbeth for revenge that he seems possessed of superhuman strength. 

In the end, Macduff kills Macbeth and displays his severed head. But the climax seems to have been reached earlier, when he says:

Macduff was from his mother's womb
Untimely ripp'd.

How does Speare use color and the analogy of a bird to describe Kit in Chapter 12 of The Witch of Blackbird Pond?

In Chapter 12, Kit helps Nat repair Hannah Tupper's roof.  They talk about her new life in Wethersfield.  Nat tells her a story of a bird he saw at a market in Jamaica when he was a little boy.  The bird had been colorful, and young Nat had wished to purchase it and take it home to Connecticut.  His father had persuaded him not to, telling him that "it wasn't meant to live up [in Connecticut], that the birds... would scold and peck at it."  Nat then tells Kit that he was thinking of that colorful bird when she left the ship the first day in Wethersfield.  She had her colorful clothes on and she had gone to a place that was not her home.  He had been concerned that she would not fit in living in dull and dreary Wethersfield.

Nat tells Kit that her family and the others in Wethersfield had "done their best to make [her] into a sparrow."  He goes on to say that he "can still see the green feathers if [he looks] hard enough" at her.