The current in an air-core solenoid is reduced from 3.99 A to zero over 5.9s. The solenoid has 2000 turns per meter and a cross-sectional area of...

In this case you should apply the law of electromagnetic induction of Faraday.

Ԑi = N(Δφ/Δt)

Where:

Ԑi, is the EMF induced in the coil.

N, is the number of turns of the coil where the EMF is induced.

Δφ = BS, is the variation that occurs in the magnetic flux. In this case, we will consider that the cross section S is equal in both coils.

Δt, is the time during which the flux is changing.

Let's call #1 to the largest coil and #2 the smaller coil. Then we see that the variation of the magnetic flux in the coil #1, induces an EMF in the coil #2.

So, we can write the Faraday law, for coil #2, in the following way:

Ԑi = N2(Δφ2/Δt) = N2[Δ(B1S2)/Δt)]

The magnetic field of the coil #1 is:

B1 = μ0nI, where μ0 is the magnetic permeability of vacuum, n is the number of turns per unit length of the coil and I is the current.

Substituting in the equation of the EMF and considering that only varies the current, we have:

Ԑi = N2[Δ(μ0nIS2)/Δt)] = (N2μ0nS2)(ΔI/Δt)

Ԑi = (50)(4π*10^-7)(2*10^3)(0.31)(3.99/5.9)

Ԑi = 1.11*10^-2 V

The current is calculated by applying OHM's law:

I = Ԑi/R = (1.11*10^-2)/(4.09*10^-3)

I = 2.7 A

How is Okonkwo able to grow yams if he is located in Mbanta?

In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is banished into exile for seven years after inadvertently killing a young clansman. He is sent to his mother’s homeland of Mbanta. Geographically, Mbanta and Umuofia are not that far from each other; indeed, they are both within Nigeria, so the climate is very similar. This partly explains why Okonkwo is able to grow yams in Mbanta.

Another reason Okonkwo is able to grow yams in Mbanta is that his mother’s family helps him when he arrives in the region. Okonkwo is provided with a plot of land to grow his crops and his cousins gather seeds so that his family can do well while they are in exile.

“Each of Uchendu's five sons contributed three hundred seed-yams to enable their cousin to plant a far, for as soon as the first rain came farming would begin” (130).

 Initially, the weather does not seem like it will cooperate; however, the rains finally come to Mbanta and Okonkwo is able to successfully grow the yams his family needs throughout their time in banishment.

Is Gulliver's Travels a Horatian or a Juvenalian satire? Give examples from the text.

Jonathan Swift’s novel, Gulliver’s Travels, was written in 1726 and is a rich, satirical text focusing on human nature. The story includes wildly imaginative characters that represent people in society and the predicaments they find themselves in. Swift’s ultimate statement is that no form of government is truly good, and one can find decent individuals among a race that is almost entirely bad.

In literature, there are two types of satire: Juvenalian and Horatian. Juvenalian is quite harsh or caustic and generally shows contempt for the subject; it includes the use of irony, exaggeration, and indignation. Horatian is more mild and playful, with the general goal of revealing vice. Gulliver’s Travels has both types of satire, but the story leans more heavily toward the Juvenalian. For example, Swift makes fun of the society of Lilliput by showing them in a diminutive manner. He also employs exaggeration when he depicts the Houyhnhnms as extremely reasonable, while the Yahoos, he states, ought to be exterminated. In part three, Swift satirizes scientific experiments as well as the Enlightenment. Much of the book contains elements of satire; in fact, almost every portrayal of his primary characters is satirical.

What are the differences between Roman Republic and Roman Empire?

There are differences between the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. During the days of the Roman Republic, the people elected their leaders. The main leaders of the executive branch were the consuls and the praetors. Consuls were elected yearly. At first, they came from the wealthy class called the patricians. Eventually, the plebeians were able to elect the consuls also. They were responsible for running the government and conducting war. The praetors handled civil law and financial matters. At first, there was only one praetor, but eventually, there were two praetors.

During the Roman Empire, the people no longer elected the chief ruler. The emperors ruled Rome and were allowed to choose their successors. While some emperors, like Augustus, tried to make it appear that a republic still existed, the emperor was really in charge. The Roman Emperor had lots of power during the time of the Roman Empire.

How does the author make you feel pity for Margot?

The author of All Summer in a Day wrote it in the style of a classic tragedy meant to evoke pity and also some fear on the part of the reader. Though far from a scary story, the author does succeed in describing the events so that the reader can understand Margot's fear. The tragedy comes in the form of cruelty against Margot and a deep sense of loss from missing a very rare couple of hours of sunlight. It is this tragic event that makes the reader feel pity for Margot.

The author succeeds in evoking feelings of pity for her through the descriptive language that describes both the dark and dreary continuous rainstorms and the wonder of a couple of hours of brilliant sunshine that comes only once every seven years. Pity for Margot comes when she is locked in a closet by the other children and robbed of the chance to see the sun. Prior to the event of being locked in the closet, the author describes how Margot is isolated, an outsider set apart from the rest of the children. Before Margot is ever locked in the closet and robbed of the sun, the reader feels sorry for her which only makes the cruel act of the children evoke more pity.

On what page of Freak the Mighty does Max tell readers what he looks like?

In bits and pieces, Max describes his physical appearance in the first several chapters of Freak the Mighty. On pages 3 and 4, Max overhears Grim and Gram talking about how Max resembles his father. On that same page, Grim also jokes that Max is growing so fast that they should “let [Max] go barefoot, he’s exploding out of his shoes” (4). So at this point in the novel, Max hasn’t described himself, but we know from the commentary of others that he is big and looks like his father.

In fact, as the narrator, Max spends most of his time describing the physical appearance of others, especially Freak and his mother Gwen, in the first chapters. It isn’t until after Gwen is startled by Max that he describes his physical appearance. Philbrick writes (23-24):

Gram reaches out and she puts her hand on my shoulder, real light and feathery, you can feel how nervous she is just to touch me, and how it makes her uncomfortable to have to look up at me, because did I mention I'm a lot bigger than Gram? Bigger than Grim, too? Bigger than most people? It's true.

Max then tells Gram that his physical size must have intimidated Gwen. Max seems to be used to this reaction from others. When Max goes over to Freak’s house for dinner, though, we realize what really scared Gwen was the fact that he resembles his father.

How many molecules are present in 16 g of oxygen?

Oxygen is an element and elements have atoms. Oxygen gas is a compound consisting of molecules of oxygen, with each molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms (chemically represented as `O_2` ). The molecular weight of oxygen gas is 32 (= 2 x 16) gm/mole.

Now, each mole of a substance contains an Avogadro's number (or, `6.023 xx 10^(23)` ) of particles. In other words, 1 mole of oxygen would contain `6.023 xx 10^(23)`  molecules. Here, we are given with 16 g of oxygen. The number of molecules in 16 gm of oxygen are 0.5 (= 16/32 moles). 

Thus the number of molecules in 16 gm or 0.5 mole of oxygen gas are 0.5 x 6.023 x 10^(23) = 3.012 x 10^(23) molecules.

Similarly, 16 gm of elemental oxygen (represented as O) would contain 1 mole of atoms, since the atomic mass of oxygen is 16 and hence will have 6.023 x 10^23 atoms.

Hope this helps. 

Why does Scout disapprove of Jem and Dill's plan to look in at one of the Radley's windows?

The night that the children go into the backyard of the Radley home is found in chapter six. Right before that, at the end of chapter five, Atticus gives a very strong lecture about leaving the Radleys alone. In fact, he says the following:

"What Mr. Radley did was his own business. If he wanted to come out, he would. . . Furthermore, had it never occurred to us that the civil way to communicate with another being was by the front door instead of a side window? Lastly, we were to stay away from that house until we were invited there" (49).

This lecture sinks in for Scout, but it does not sink in for Jem and Dill. On the last night of summer vacation, and the night before Dill is to go back home to Meridian for the school year, the boys decide to go peek into a window and give Dill one last chance to see the mysterious Boo Radley. Scout can't believe that Jem still wants to do something like this after Atticus's lecture. She says the following:

"Jem was not one to dwell on past defeats: it seemed the only message he got from Atticus was insight into the art of cross examination" (51).

Not only does Scout disapprove of going into the Radley yard because Atticus told them to stay away, but it's nighttime and the children have never done anything as daring as this. They started out being afraid to walk past the house during the day! Now they are breaching the all physical boundaries and going right up to a window at night? Scout's better sense doesn't talk her out of it, though. She goes along with the boys to see what happens.

To what extent was the use of the atomic bomb justified? Did Truman have a good enough excuse to do so?

Historians have long debated whether the use of the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945 was justified, and Truman clearly struggled to make the decision to drop the bombs. He had offered Japan an opportunity for unconditional surrender, but they had refused. At the time, the Americans warned Japan that they would face destruction if they did not surrender, though the U.S. did not tell the Japanese about the atomic bombs in advance. In addition, the U.S. had taken over the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinama, but the Japanese did not cede these islands without a fierce fight. Many Japanese preferred death over surrender, and the fighting on these islands had been very deadly.

The Americans' reasons to drop the bomb may have been manifold. First, they wanted to end the long war quickly and spare the thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of American lives that would have been lost if the U.S. had mounted an amphibious assault on Japan. While estimates vary, it is clear that many American soldiers would have died if they had attacked Japan. This has been given as the main compelling reason for Truman to drop the bombs.

On the other hand, other historians argue that Truman may have dropped the bomb for ulterior motives, including scaring the Soviet Union, who had already occupied parts of Eastern Europe and who was shaping up to be the post-war American adversary. In addition, Truman may have wanted to justify the cost of the Manhattan Project, the massive project to produce the atomic bombs, which was very expensive. Finally, perhaps Truman may have wanted to get back at Japan for having bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941. These ulterior motives are not considered as compelling as Truman's stated goal to spare American lives. The bombs resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of Japanese lives immediately and the eventual loss of countless lives as a result of radiation poisoning. The debate about whether Truman was justified in dropping the bombs is a difficult one with compelling arguments on both sides. 

What is a quote that proves Tom Buchanan thinks Gatsby's parties are unacceptable?

After it finally registers on Tom that Gatsby and Daisy know each other, something almost incomprehensible to his way of thinking, he decides, in chapter six, to attend one of Gatsby's parties with her. Once there, he doesn't like being introduced as a polo player and he comments on not knowing the people at the party. They are not his set: "I don't know a soul here," he says. This is a snobbish comment: Tom has made it clear, especially when his horsey friends, in an insincere gesture, invite Gatsby to dinner, that he only likes to be around his own kind or with the lower-class mistresses he chooses. As he and Nick and Daisy are leaving, Tom begins to bring up questions about Gatsby that communicate disapproval:

"Who is this Gatsby anyway?" demanded Tom suddenly. "Some big bootlegger?"

Nick asks him why he thinks that, and Tom mentions that "a lot of these newly rich people are just big bootleggers, you know." Then, Tom uses the word "menagerie" to describe Gatsby's guests. This word is rich with meaning, coming from the openly racist Tom, who only fully values "Nordics": he implies that Gatsby's guests are a mix of all sorts of animals. Finally, Tom makes an ominous statement, saying he wants to know who Gatsby is and what he does, and stating, "I think I'll make a point of finding out."

What message is Harper Lee trying to convey through Judge John Taylor in her book To Kill a Mockingbird?

Judge Taylor represents an established, educated, and empathetic man who is also a leader in Maycomb county. Even though he is white and holds a very powerful position in the community, he is also reasonable and fair. Lee might have been showing that even though there are racist people in the community, that does not mean that everyone is--and not all people in leadership positions are corrupt, either. Judge Taylor also shows that he believes everyone deserves a fair trial by appointing Atticus to be Tom's lawyer. Taylor knew that Atticus would do his best for Tom's case rather than some average public defender who may or may not have cared about Tom or what the town called him behind his back.  

Miss Maudie helps Jem to understand how there are good people everywhere even when it doesn't seem like it. After Atticus loses the case Jem lost faith in people. He asks Miss Maudie who in the whole town helped Tom Robinson. Her answer is as follows:

"His colored friends for one thing, and people like us. People like Judge Taylor. People like Mr. Heck Tate. . . Did it ever strike you that Judge Taylor naming Atticus to defend that boy was no accident? That Judge Taylor might have had his reasons for naming him?" (215).

As Maudie explains this to Jem, Scout realizes that Maxwell Green is the public defender who should have taken Tom's case. Later, at Aunt Alexandra's missionary tea party, Maudie says that there are a handful of people who are asked to stand up for what is right in Maycomb county. This handful of people must take their places as examples in the community by being patient, kind, and respectful to everyone. Judge Taylor is one of those people. For many people it is easy to point fingers at the government or judicial system and criticize them for corruption or negligence. But, as mentioned before, Judge Taylor represents good leaders in government who do care about a fair trial for everyone and he is not afraid to stand up for what is right.

In what ways does Whitman comment on the condition of mankind through his poem?

The entire poem is an autobiography of Whitman, his “Song of Myself.” In the process of his descriptions of where he has been and what he has seen and experienced, he is actually describing what all mankind goes through, successes and failures, moments of joy and achievement as well as moments of pain and loss. The remark that best exemplifies his vision is “ That you contribute a verse.” By using the poem or lyric metaphor, he equates everyone’s life with his own, a “Song of Myself.” The technique he employ to comment on the condition of Mankind is to give not only the sights, but the smells, textures, and sounds both of country life and of city life, of poverty, war, fruition, and deprivation. For example, by describing his reaction to the learned astronomer ("When I heard the learned astronomer..."), he is dramatizing the frustration we all feel when a logical "scientific" interpretation conflicts with the poetic beauty of the world.

What is one lesson to be learned from The Grapes of Wrath?

One of the main lessons that we see taught throughout the book is that generosity can come in all forms, and that even in your own darkest hour, generosity can be the most powerful thing you can give to someone else.

We see this in two main ways in the novel - the journey across country and Rose of Sharon feeding the old man at the end.

As the Joads make their way out west, they take care of and invite along many other travelers. They share whatever they have when they do, and they don't have much. Although the situation they are all in sets up a perfect "me versus them" potential, that is not how the Joads approach this trip or their fellow travelers. In fact, instead of being selfish, we see them being very selfless. 

Toward the end of the book, when everyone is taking refuge in the barn, Rose of Sharon nurses a grandfather because he has been unable to eat. This shows the pinnacle of compassion and generosity because she has just delivered a stillborn child and yet, in her time of grief, she chooses to give that child's breastmilk to someone else who needs it to live. In the days before breast pumps, she feeds this perfect stranger the only way she can, by allowing him to literally nurse directly from her breast. His need outweighs her grief and perhaps even her feeling of awkwardness. 

So, from the novel, we see many episodes of generosity and it reminds us that we need not have a lot to give a lot. 

Why do some stories of human suffering not draw attention from the media, while others attract much media attention?

Some stories of human suffering draw more attention because there are some ways of suffering that are deemed more acceptable than others. Though it is generally agreed that suffering is an undesirable thing, it is a fact of human life, and the news media makes decisions about how to portray this fact in a way that will not disrupt their viewership, readership, or other audience. From culture to culture, opinions on what is appropriate in suffering differs. In some cultures, it is not at all appropriate to grieve openly; in others, it is encouraged. In the same way, the media chooses to present stories of suffering which appeal to a cultural conception of appropriate (and profitable) suffering.

When I say appropriate, I do not mean it is acceptable in the sense that there is a goodness to the suffering. Rather, the story being covered fits neatly or may even offer a stark contrast to cultural conceptions of what it is to suffer. People may prefer to engage with news stories about kinds of suffering they can relate to. Grief is a universal human experience, so stories of death thrive in news media. That being said, grief is dependent upon knowing a person or feeling that you know something about them. When Princess Diana died, the whole world seemed to mourn her. She was a very public figure with many details of her life publicized, so people had a ready concept of who she was before her death. In contrast, the deaths of "everyday people" do not draw much media attention because most of the audience will not have a concept of the person to grieve.

When it comes to more particular experiences of suffering, such as sexual assault or kidnapping, these stories may draw less attention because they deal with experiences that people would rather not think about. The media presents suffering in a way that makes people want to engage with that particular story, and subjects like sexual violence or crimes of racism may make people too uncomfortable.

The media also makes the decision to exclude stories of suffering which might make significant portions of their audience feel culpable. For example, crimes against people of a particular race or ethnicity are often ignored by the media in cultures where oppression of that particular group is systemic. Suffering occurs in the context of the global economy, like the exploitation of garment workers, is routinely ignored by media because the majority of people who engage with news media regularly consume or benefit from this suffering. Drawing attention to these kinds of suffering forces audiences to confront the ways they enable or benefit from the suffering of others, and people often don't want to engage with media which makes them, personally, feel bad.

When these particular stories of suffering are made public, it is often framed in the context of a tragedy, which implies the destruction of or fall from goodness. Such stories often provoke the question, "Why do bad things happen to good people?" These kinds of stories of suffering fit more cleanly into a cultural conception of good versus evil than the complex social reality which drives suffering.

There has developed a sort of feedback loop between media presentations of suffering and how this suffering is reacted to among the public. People sometimes engage in performative, recreational grief, outrage, disgust, or sorrow. Motivations for such behavior may include wanting to feel like a part of the group, tangential relation and validation of one's own suffering (past traumas or grief), or as a perceived form of activism. With this kind of response, media outlets must carefully choose and shape the stories of suffering they present so they can be sure people will not only watch, but also publicly (including online) speak about the experience.

Why did the British want to control other countries?

The British had some reasons for controlling other countries. One of the reasons was economic. The British established colonies so they could benefit economically. The colonies would provide raw materials for the products made in Great Britain. Great Britain could then sell those products in the colonies. The colonies would provide Great Britain a guaranteed market to sell the products. Plus, they could get the raw materials cheaper from their colonies than by buying them from other countries.

Another reason dealt with military issues. By having colonies, the British military would have bases where the British ships could stop and get resupplied and refueled. The colonies could serve as military bases in case of conflict. In order to protect its worldwide trade, Great Britain needed to have military bases around the world.

A third reason was political. The British were rivals with Spain, France, and other countries. In order to compete with their rivals and be a strong world power, Great Britain needed to have colonies just like their rivals, mainly Spain and France, had. The British wanted a worldwide empire. In order to have that, they had to keep up with what their rivals were doing.

In Flannery O'Connor's "A Good Man is Hard to Find," what are the most interesting literary devices used throughout the whole story in a way that...

In this story, O'Connor, a Roman Catholic, conveys the message that rampant evil exists in the world, but that even the most flawed of us can find God's grace in the midst of it. Several literary devices advance this message. One is foreshadowing, another is irony, and a third is the highlighting of the flawed character of the story's protagonist, the Grandmother. Finally, a bit of number symbolism points to the Christian theme.

Although this story opens as a seemingly light-hearted, comic tale of a middle-class 1950s family road trip, foreshadowings about the Misfit pop up several times, acting as "shadows" that make us aware of evil in the world. In the first paragraph, it's the Grandmother, who will have the most extended encounter with the Misfit, who points out the news report about him in the paper, even using the word "conscience":

"Here this fellow that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it. I wouldn't take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it. I couldn't answer to my conscience if I did."

Here, too, is the story's first irony: it will, of course, be the Grandmother who points her children and grandchildren directly in the direction of the Misfit. In a second irony, a commentary on how we tend to discount the power of evil, the grandson, John Wesley, says he would handle the Misfit by smacking him in the face. That won't happen: it will be the Misfit's gang that kills the boy. 

The Misfit comes up again when the family stops at a diner for lunch and the Grandmother asks the owner, Red Sammy, if he's heard of the Misfit who escaped from prison. Thus, by the time we meet the Misfit, we're expecting him: O'Connor's foreshadowing has created the story's internal logic.

The ironies continue as the story unfolds. The Grandmother's attempt to escape into the past by having the family detour to see an old plantation ironically confronts them with present evil in the form of the Misfit and his gang. And irony helps O'Connor make her point at the end: in her almost hysterical fear, when the Grandmother sees the Misfit wearing her now-dead son's shirt, she confuses her son's killer with her son, leading to her moment of grace and redemption. Grace, O'Connor is saying, comes in the strangest ways.

Finally, in creating such a visibly flawed character as the Grandmother, O'Connor drives home her message that God's grace is available to all of us. From the start, the Grandmother is difficult, childish, foolish and troublemaking, clearly a trial the family endures. She's the kind of person everyone wants to strangle, and it's through her machinations—sneaking the cat into the car, manipulating the children into insisting on seeing the plantation—that she gets the family into its deadly fix—and then doesn't have the sense to keep her mouth shut. Yet she is the one chosen to experience a moment of redemption and grace that even, for a split second, touches the heart of the Misfit. It's she, the foolish one, who is able to discern God's grace in a hardened killer before he blows her away:

... the grandmother's head cleared for an instant. She saw the man's face twisted close to her own as if he were going to cry and she murmured, "Why you're one of my babies. You're one of my own children!" She reached out and touched him on the shoulder. The Misfit sprang back as if a snake had bitten him and shot her three times through the chest.

By making such a flawed woman an agent and recipient of grace, O'Connor's message becomes more powerful: anyone can be redeemed.

Finally, the Misfit's name is mentioned 33 times, the number of years Jesus is traditionally thought to have lived, linking him to Jesus' humanity and the thus the possibility of redemption, and the Misfit shoots the Grandmother three times, a symbol of the Christian trinity, as if the Misfit feels the need to destroy Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

What issue did Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne argue in the Webster-Hayne debate?

The issue that was argued in the debate between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne was the issue of nullification. The issue that led to this debate was the protective tariff of 1828. South Carolina believed the tariff was too high. This tariff hurt South Carolina and other southern states. This led to a very interesting debate in the U.S. Senate between these two men.

Robert Hayne believed states should be able to nullify laws if those laws helped one state or region at the expense of another state or region. Robert Hayne believed the tariff was very helpful for the North. However, it hurt the South. Therefore, Hayne believed a state like South Carolina, which was being hurt by the tariff, should be able to nullify or reject the tariff. This position represented the idea of states’ rights. It put the state governments in front of the federal government.

Daniel Webster took the opposite view. He believed the constitution made it very clear that the federal laws take priority over the state laws. He said there would be chaos if states could pick and choose what laws they were going to support. He believed it was natural that some laws might be more beneficial to a state or region than they would be in another state or region. However, as one country, we must do what is best for the whole country. He believed the interests of the country came before the interests of a state or a region.

These men had a very different view regarding the issue of nullification. Their debate in the U.S. Senate is one of the most famous ones that took place in the U.S. Senate.

What does Luther think about the indulgence? How did Luther talk about faith in the Church then and now? Why was he sent to study at Wittenberg?

"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."  --song created by an indulgence "agent"

Indulgence at the most basic level was buying forgiveness for your sins from the Roman Catholic Church. The practice commenced when the pope offered free penance to any member of the church that would fight for the Crusades. Many people were not able to fight for a number of reasons, so the pope decided that those individuals could pay for their forgiveness. The policy of paying your penance became standard operating procedure for Catholics.

In 1517, the pope made a deal that established "middle men" that could collect indulgences and keep half of the proceeds while sending the other half to Rome. Furthermore, many of these "middle men" were making outrageous claims about saving relatives that were in purgatory or having all of your sins forgiven by paying the fees. This was during the time of Martin Luther. His main objection to the collection of indulgences is that man does not have the ability to forgive sin because they cannot gauge sorrow. Sin is only forgiven if the person who commits the sin truly regrets the action. Furthermore, Luther explains that the only one that can know whether a person is truly sorry is God. For these reasons, making payments as penance is not adequate to having your sins forgiven.

What narrative techniques are significant in Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway?

The narrative technique Virginia Woolf employs in Mrs. Dalloway is extremely significant for a number of reasons. Perhaps the most significant and most commonly discussed technique is Woolf's use of free indirect discourse, which allows her to represent the inner thought processes of multiple characters throughout the text. A form of third-person narration wherein a character's thoughts and feelings are filtered through the voice of the narrator, free indirect discourse allows Woolf to explore the nature of human consciousness by tracing the mental processes involved in sensation and perception. This is one of the primary focal points of the text. Free indirect discourse was a relatively new and experimental narrative technique at the time Woolf was writing Mrs. Dalloway, which lends it another level of significance in that it establishes the novel's modernist roots. While more traditional novels focus on the outer world of action, Woolf's simultaneous focus on the complex inner worlds of multiple characters represents a departure from novelistic conventions of the time, making Mrs. Dalloway a groundbreaking piece of modern literature. 

Although sometimes mistakenly referred to as "stream of consciousness," the narration in Mrs. Dalloway is very structured and serves the rhetorical function of revealing the many different ways a single stimulus or piece of information can be processed or interpreted by different people over time. Woolf is also very interested in the nature of time and how humans perceive time both consciously and unconsciously. By employing free indirect discourse, Woolf is able to move swiftly between the inner worlds of various characters across time and space, in effect expanding and contracting moments in time to reveal the intricate mental processes involved in even the simplest actions or sense perceptions.

Candy's relationship to his dog can be compared to George's relationship with Lennie. What are some similarities between the two relationships,...

George and Lennie have been buddies for a long time. George has gotten attached to Lennie just as Candy is attached to his old dog. George feels a sense of responsibility for Lennie, just as Candy feels for the dog. Lennie could not survive without George, and the old dog could not survive without Candy. George is emotionally moved by Lennie's trust and devotion. The same applies to Candy's feelings about his dog. 

There is definitely a strong implicit analogy between George's relationship with Lennie, on the one hand, and Candy's relationship with his old dog, on the other. However, Steinbeck had another reason for inserting the episode in which Carlson pressures Candy into letting him shoot his dog. George is going to shoot Lennie in the last chapter. He will have to have a gun. He can't risk using any other kind of weapon because Lennie is much bigger and stronger than he is. He might end up getting killed himself. When Carlson shoots Candy's dog he reveals where he keeps his German Luger. After the shooting, Carlson carefully cleans the Luger and puts it away. George is able to observe how this complicated German automatic pistol works. The bullets are contained in a clip that fits inside the handle. The first bullet is jacked into firing position by pulling back on the ejecting mechanism.  

Steinbeck called his book "a playable novel." He had an arrangement to adapt the book into a play immediately, which explains why all the exposition is contained in the dialogue. Both book and play came out in 1937. Steinbeck wanted the theater audience to realize when George pulled the distinctive-looking Luger out of his coat-pocket that he had stolen it from under Carlson's bunk. All the men in the mob thought Lennie had stolen it, and the audience did not know otherwise until they see it in George's hand. Then they understood that George had intended to kill his friend ever since he saw the girl's dead body in the barn. Lennie was getting to be a menace, a potential serial killer of young girls. He had to go.

So the scenes in which Carlson kills the old dog and then cleans his Luger were primarily intended to show the gun and show George how to shoot it. Carlson even explains how he will kill the dog painlessly with one shot by firing into the back of its head. So George knows how to kill his friend painlessly by shooting him in the same place. This also is the conclusion of the analogy with Carlson and his old dog.

Where is the chemical energy of sugar stored?

The chemical energy in sugar is stored in the covalent bonds between the atoms that make up the sugar molecule.

 The sugar that is called glucose is made by plants during the process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis utilizes the green pigment called chlorophyll to capture sunlight energy. This green pigment is stored in the chloroplasts of plant cell. During photosynthesis, sunlight energy is used to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into the sugar known as glucose and oxygen gas.

 Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. During cellular respiration, the glucose and oxygen gas that are made during photosynthesis are converted into water, carbon dioxide gas, and an energy source called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

The half life of radium is 1600 years. After how many years 1 kilogram sample of radium will be reduced to 1 gram?

The half life of radium is given as 1600 years. This means that a sample of 1 kg or 1000 g radium will be reduced to 500 gm in 1600 years. After another 1600 year years, it will be reduced further by another 50% and we will be left with 250 g of radium and so on. In other words,

`(1/2)^n` = fraction of original sample left

where, n is the number of half lives. Thus, in 1 half life, 1/2 of original sample is left. In 2 half lives, 1/4 or 25% of original sample is left and so on.

In this case, we have to find the time after which only 1 g of sample is left. In other words, we have to find the value of n for which only 0.001 part (= 1 g/1000 g) of radium is left.

Hence, (1/2)^n = 0.001

solving this (hint:take logarithm of both sides and then solve), we get, n = 9.97 half lives. = 9.97 x 1600 years = 15,952 years.

Thus, after a period of 15,952 years, 1 kg of radium will be reduced to 1 g of radium.

Hope this helps.

What attitude towards women is reflected in "The Kugelmass Episode"?

In “The Kugelmass Episode,” Woody Allen does not portray women in a very positive light. The main character, Kugelmass, speaks very disrespectfully of his wife. Within the story he says she has “let herself go and swell up like a beach ball” and calls her a troglodyte (a prehistoric cave dweller). He also speaks of staying married only to avoid a large divorce settlement and states that he stays with her because she “has a few bucks.” He never considers her feelings when contemplating his affair and only worries about getting caught because of the trouble it will bring him. Once he meets Emma Bovary, he is intrigued and respectful, but as soon as she becomes real and is removed from the fantasy world of her book, he reverts back to his boorish response to women. All of the female characters within this story are written as one-dimensional. Their only purpose within the story is to serve Kugelmass’s needs.

Why did Atticus want Mr. Ewell to write his name during the trial?

Atticus wanted Bob Ewell to write his name to show if Bob was left or right handed.  It was important because Mayella Ewell had a black eye and bruises on the right side of her face.  This would indicate that she was hit by a left-handed person.  If Mayella and Bob were facing each other, a right-handed man could not have hit her on the right side of her face.  This fact was significant because Tom Robinson’s left arm was useless and deformed because of an accident he had earlier in his life.  It proved that Tom Robinson could not have hit her like Mayella and Bob claimed.  It was a great defense for Tom; unfortunately, the jury had already made up its mind about Tom’s guilt. 

How do you identify elements based on their characteristics and location?

By location, I assume you mean the location of elements in the periodic table of elements. 

All the known elements are arranged in the periodic table of elements in the form of rows and columns, also termed as periods and groups, respectively. This arrangement is based on their characteristics and thus elements with similar characteristics are clubbed together. Elements with similar characteristics are placed in the same group, such as noble gases, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, etc. For example, group I elements are all metals (except hydrogen) and all like to donate an electron and form ionic compounds. 

Thus, knowing the characteristics of an element, we can know the group it should belong to. Knowing its location or position in the periodic table also allows us to determine its likely characteristics. A combination of knowledge of both the properties and location will help us identify the element. 

Hope this helps. 

Is the poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling good advice about how people should behave?

The poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling itemizes the ups and downs associated with life and how to find mental and emotional balance while going through them. There are pieces of advice associated with all aspects and ages of life, from the very young to the very old. Kipling addresses success, failure, crisis, manners, ethics, the golden rule, and taking risks in life; then he advises how to handle them all with a humble attitude and without complaining. Then, at the very end, after making a list of many of the attitudes and events that might face a person in life, he makes the following promise:

"Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,   

 And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!" (Lines 31-32).

The promise is that anything in life and on the Earth can be yours if you follow these principles. The effort to obtain manhood, or a fulfilling and abundant life, is available if one behaves properly under pressure as well as while succeeding. This is great advice!

Doctor Faustus is based on a German legend that has been around for ages, and it's a legend that still persists in many forms today. Why do you...

Marlowe's Faustus touches on universal human themes like power, greed, wealth, fame and the afterlife -- and it's likely that these themes, timeless as they are, give the story lasting impact. Like most of Shakespeare's plays, the time in which Faustus is set isn't as important as its themes, which transcend time and place. Faustus sells his soul to the devil in exchange for Mephistopheles' faithful service for a period of 24 years. We've seen other renditions of this in literature, in film, even in song (e.g. the famous tune "Devil Went Down to Georgia" by Charlie Daniels). As many human beings continue to turn to religion in search of meaning, stories like Faustus strike a chord with the desire to find fulfillment in things of heaven rather than the things of the world (which for Faustus bring about destruction and eternal damnation). And even for non-religious folks, stories like Faustus still serve as a warning against indulging greed, lusting for power and craving fame -- all things that, in themselves, cannot bring true happiness. 

In Chapter 19 of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien, what are good quotes that use literary devices to help characterize Bilbo?

Chapter 19 of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit concludes one of the most influential fantasy stories of all time. As such, we can expect to find some significant indications that the formerly prudish and meek hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, has matured significantly (one cannot emerge triumphant from encounters with fire-breathing dragons without getting a boost in self-esteem, after all). Below, you'll find some quotes from the chapter that use literary devices to show Bilbo's growth as a character.

"'But our back is to legends and we are coming home'" (page 282). In this quote, Bilbo uses a mild form of personification with the word "legends." Though legends are an abstract concept, Bilbo references them here as if they were a physical, geographical location on a map. He does so in order to illustrate the fantastic places he has been to and the incredible adventures he has been through. By marking "legends" as a physical place on the map, Bilbo efficiently describes the mythic qualities of his quest. It also suggests that Bilbo has become a stronger, more confident individual, as he's gone from hiding in his kitchen to participating in legendary adventures.

"If Balin noticed that Mr. Baggins' waistcoat was more extensive... Bilbo also noticed Balin's beard was several inches longer..." (page 286). In this phrase, Tolkien uses a mild form of euphemism to describe the aging process of his characters. Rather than saying that Bilbo and Balin were getting older, he alludes to Bilbo's expanding girth by referencing a more generous waistcoat, while he takes note of Balin's more abundant facial hair. By doing so, he uses gentle phrases to illustrate a process that tends to make some folks uncomfortable (i.e., getting older and fatter). However, it's worth noting that Mr. Baggins' waistcoat size also lets us know that Bilbo has gotten quite rich, as his prosperity has provided him with plenty of exquisite food. Thus, we're given a subtle insight into the development of Bilbo's character.

Where did the signalman say he had seen the narrator before?

At the beginning of the story, the signalman is certain that he has seen the narrator before:

"I was doubtful," he returned, "whether I had seen you before."

"There?" I said.

Intently watchful of me, he replied (but without sound), "Yes."

When asked, the signalman says that he has seen the narrator at the red light, just a short distance from his signal box. The narrator denies having ever been at the red light, but the signalman does not seem convinced, and he has a good reason for such a feeling. As the narrator later learns, the signalman has been haunted by the specter of a man at the red light. In addition, the signalman heard this mysterious figure say the exact same words as the narrator:

Halloa! Below there!

While the signalman wants to believe that he saw the narrator at the red light, he is, in fact, very much mistaken. This mysterious figure is a ghost who, in a tragic turn of events, is warning the signalman of his own demise. Both the signalman and the narrator, however, will learn this lesson too late.

Where is the comedy in Romeo and Juliet?

Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, but it does have episodes of humor, particularly in the first two Acts. In fact, if the play had ended after Act II, Scene 6 it would be labeled as a comedy with the marriage of Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare's comedies usually end in a wedding and his tragedies end in death. Comedy is in evidence throughout those first two Acts.

In Act I, Scene 2, the servingman serves a comedic role when he is not able to read the list of people he is supposed to invite to Capulet's party. In fact, the servingmen in the beginning of Act I, Scene 5 are added to bring a humorous touch to the play. Picture the Three Stooges with lots of slapstick.

The biggest laughs probably come in Act I, Scene 3 when the Nurse is talking about Juliet's age. She recalls a bawdy story about her late husband who commented on Juliet falling on her face when she was only a toddler. He suggests the girl will want to fall on her back when she is older. The Nurse says,

For then she could stand high-lone. Nay, by th’
rood,
She could have run and waddled all about,
For even the day before, she broke her brow,
And then my husband (God be with his soul,
He was a merry man) took up the child.
“Yea,” quoth he, “Dost thou fall upon thy face?
Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit,
Wilt thou not, Jule?” And, by my holidam,
The pretty wretch left crying and said “Ay.”
To see now how a jest shall come about!
I warrant, an I should live a thousand years,
I never should forget it. “Wilt thou not, Jule?”
quoth he.

More humor comes from Mercutio, especially in Act I, Scene 4 and Act II, Scene 4. In Act I, as the Montagues are on their way to crash Capulet's party he makes humorous and sarcastic remarks about Romeo. He puns on the word "prick" and the word "done." He often uses exaggerations which are humorously sardonic, like his description of sword fighting in Act II and the elaborate description of how Benvolio is really a fighter in Act III, Scene 1.  His humor is often sexual in connotation, especially when he is terrorizing the Nurse. Mercutio insults her and uses sexual innuendo as they exchange words,

Nurse: My fan, Peter.

Mercutio: Good, Peter, to hide her face, for her fan’s the fairer face.

Nurse: God ye good morrow, gentlemen.

Mercutio: God ye good e'en, fair gentlewoman.

Nurse: Is it good e'en?

Mercutio: 'Tis no less, I tell you, for the bawdy hand of the dial is now upon the prick of noon. 

He also sings a bawdy song referring to the Nurse as a prostitute in this Act. Mercutio's humor is usually quite rude and sometimes even bitter, like the jokes he makes about his own death in Act III when he puns on the word "grave":

No, ’tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as
a church door, but ’tis enough. ’Twill serve. Ask for
me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.

How does social-economic status affect if one survives or falls victim to the Red Death?

In short, it doesn't. This is actually one of the central messages of the story: that neither wealth nor status can protect a person from every human being's natural and necessary end—death.

Prince Prospero has a lot of money, but this does not ultimately protect him. He has the ability to remove himself and one thousand of his most healthy and interesting friends to a distant abbey, far away from where the illness rages, and this cannot protect him either. He can afford to supply the abbey with anything and everything his guests might need or want, even the stuff of fantastic dreams they've never had, but nothing can remove him—or them—from harm's way because death eventually comes for us all. Money might extend one's life, but it can never render one immune to death.

Was Mr. Morrison fired from the railroad because he was calling in sick too many days in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry?

Mr. L. T. Morrison has not been dismissed from his job with the railroad for missing work; he is fired for being in a fight.

In Chapter 2 of Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, Mr. Logan brings home with him a huge man,

a human tree in height. . . [having a] massive body with muscles. . . and his skin, of the deepest ebony. . . partially scarred on his face and neck, as if by fire (Chapter 2).

Significantly, his voice is "like the roll of low thunder" as he explains to Mrs. Logan that he was fired because he was in a fight with some men and hurt them rather badly. When the children's mother asks him who was at fault in this fight, Mr. Morrison says the other men were the cause. They are white men, and they were not fired. This information explains much to Mrs. Logan, who nods as she replies,

"Thank you for telling me, Mr. Morrison. You're lucky no worse happened and we're glad to have you here. . . especially now" (Chapter 2).

Fortunately for Mrs. Logan and the children, Mr. Morrison remains with them in order to protect the family while Mr. Logan returns to work on the railroad since his family needs his salary. Later in the narrative, Mr. Morrison proves to be invaluable to the Logans.

What is Tim O'Brien's purpose in writing The Things They Carried?

O'Brien's purpose in telling The Things They Carried is twofold; to tell a war story, and to explore the purpose of storytelling itself.

Beginning with "How to Tell a True War Story," O'Brien begins examining misconceptions and truths surrounding the experience of war and the telling of stories about it. Partway through the chapter he begins delivering strings of statements, which often seem contradictory, concerning the telling of these stories:

A true war story is never moral. It does not instruct nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men from doing the things men have always done. If a story seems moral, do not believe it.

It's important, when reading this section, to keep in mind how prominently placed "a work of fiction" is on the title page of this book. O'Brien is not setting out to tell a true story himself; and being only partway through the novel, the reader is left to wonder whether any moral lesson or instruction is forthcoming.

Similarly, in "The Lives of the Dead," O'Brien speaks more broadly about the purpose and construction of stories in general. He describes stories as a kind of wish-fulfillment with lines like:

But in a story, which is a kind of dreaming, the dead sometimes smile and sit up and return to the world.

and

The thing about a story is that you dream it as you tell it, hoping that others might then dream along with you...

At the end of the book, the author discusses why he tells stories - to keep others alive and to deal with the pain of his own losses.

Suppose that you see a color made up of 66% red, 34% green, and no blue. Keeping the same color fractions, what are the RGB values corresponding to...

Hello!

The color ratio given is R : G = 66% : 34% and B=0. This means that

`R/(66%)=G/(34%).`

We have to find maximum `R` and `G` values preserving this ratio. The maximum value RGB (8-bit RGB) can hold at each component is `255.` The more the values, the more the intensity. It is obvious that `R` must reach this maximum value, because 66%>34%. So `R` must be set to 255 and `G` picked up to preserve the ratio. Therefore

`G=R*(34%)/(66%)=255*(34)/(66) approx 131.4.`

Because `G` must be an integer number, select `G=131.`  G=132 may be also a candidate.

The answer: for the maximum intensity, RGB must be (255, 131, 0).

What is a quote in Fahrenheit 451 that symbolizes the Phoenix? Why does it symbolize the Phoenix?

The Phoenix is a bird from Greek mythology that could regenerate or experience rebirth after being burned up. There are a few times in Fahrenheit 451 when books are being burned and they are likened to birds. For example, the first page describes the burning of books as follows:

"He wanted above all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping pigeon-winged books died on the porch and lawn of the house" (3).

The above passage is taken while Montag, the protagonist, is burning books as a part of his job as a fireman in a futuristic society that values pleasure over literacy. Firemen are called out to burn people's books, along with their houses, if they are suspected and reported as owning them. During a scene when Montag is shown burning a woman's house, the text uses the symbolic images of birds to describe the books as they burn.

"A book lit, almost obediently, like a white pigeon, in his hands, wings fluttering. . . like a snowy feather" (37).

By the end of part three, an atomic bomb levels the city. Granger, someone Montag meets outside of the city, speaks of the Phoenix while watching a piece of paper burn in the campfire. Montag asks Granger what a phoenix is and he is told the following:

"There was a silly damn bird called a phoenix back before Christ, every few hundred years he built a pyre and burnt himself up. . . every time he burnt himself up he sprang out of the ashes, he got himself born all over again. And it looks like we're doing the same thing, over and over" (163).

Books are described as dying birds when they are burned, which can be connected to the symbolism of the phoenix. The city is completely destroyed, too. Granger makes the allusion to the phoenix because after all of the fires and bombs, he hopes that people will rise above the ashes and experience a rebirth. He hopes that the next civilization that rises from these ashes will appreciate literacy and bring back books. Granger also says that people are smarter than a phoenix because we can learn from their mistakes; so, his hope is that humanity will grow and become better than the last society that Montag lived in.

What did the United States government do after the Great Depression and why?

The United States federal government underwent a major transformation after the Great Depression. This transformation was led by Franklin D. Roosevelt and was called the New Deal. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 and immediately went to work for the American people. The New Deal represented an unprecedented level of federal intervention in the economy and lives of Americans. It can be said that it was the introduction of big government in the United States that to a great extent still exists today.

The New Deal was an attempt to use the federal government's spending to stimulate the economy. It provided massive public works projects that employed thousands of jobless Americans. It attempted to fix the problems of the economy by regulating banks, agriculture, and industry in a way that was unprecedented in American history. The New Deal saw the creation of programs that would endure to this day including Social Security and the FDIC.

What the government did after the Great Depression was to try to use its power to make a difference on an economy that created hopelessness and misery since the stock market crash in 1929.

In "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe, what is Montresor thinking when he says, "In pace, requiescat"? Please explain and use textual...

Montresor says this fifty years after having killed Fortunato: 

For the half of a century no mortal has disturbed them. In pace requiescat!  

It is ambiguous.

After fifty years, it seems likely that Montresor would have finally forgotten his anger towards Fortunato and that he would have forgiven the "thousand" injuries Fortunato imposed upon him. If that is the case, then the "rest in peace" sentiment might actually be genuine. In other words, by this point, Montresor might actually be wishing peace upon Fortunato.

However, we could also read this sarcastically. Montresor has delighted in and even bragged about the methods he used to lure Fortunato to his death, so it is hard to read "rest in peace" without sensing some sarcasm as a fitting way to complete his scheme of revenge. 

Or, Montresor, old and close to death himself, might be saying "rest in peace" to himself. He has either finally gotten over the whole affair or he is still obsessing about it and trying desperately to achieve peace himself before he dies. Burying Fortunato might have been a symbolic way of burying some obsession in his own mind. Repressing it all these years and having done nothing to cure the psychosis, he still is obsessed and tries to invoke peace upon himself. 

There are a number of ways to interpret this final line. This might be a purposeful move by Poe. Montresor is clearly maniacal, a devious thinker. Leaving the final line ambiguous leaves the reader wondering what Montresor meant. Likewise, at the beginning of the story, the reader is left wondering what the "thousand injuries" or the insult were. It is a way of increasing the mystery of the story by invoking mystery about Montresor himself.

How does Feld's belief that he "wasted his youth" relate to what he desires for his daughter?

In the story, Feld is a disgruntled shoemaker. He feels that he has 'wasted his youth' and regrets not pursuing the kind of higher education that may have saved him from an impoverished existence.

Since he has 'wasted his youth,' Feld hopes to make amends by ensuring that his daughter, Miriam, has better options in life. Miriam, on the other hand, is not interested in pursuing a college degree. This leads her father to theorize that Miriam's future happiness will be predicated on marrying the right man, preferably an educated one. In short, Feld feels responsible for making sure that Miriam does not end up like him: poor, disgruntled, and unhappy. 

Maybe he would awaken in her a desire to go to college; if not—the shoemaker’s mind at last came to grips with the truth—let her marry an educated man and live a better life.

This is why Feld feels an urgent need to introduce Max to Miriam; the pragmatic father wants the two young people to court and to eventually get married. However, neither Miriam nor Max take to each other, despite Feld's efforts. Towards the end of the story, Feld is torn when he realizes the true extent of Sobel's feelings for his daughter. The loving father has slaved for most of his life to ensure that his daughter will have better opportunities than he ever did. Now, her prospects will prove no better than her mother's if she marries Sobel. The story ends with Feld taking pity on Sobel and giving his assistant permission to court Miriam when she turns twenty-one in two years.

What warning does Friar Laurence give Romeo, foreshadowing future events of the play?

In Act II, scene 6 of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Friar Laurence are waiting for Juliet, as Romeo and Juliet plan to be married. The Friar warns Romeo that he is moving too quickly in marrying Juliet. He says:

"These violent delights have violent ends/And in their triumph die, like fire and powder,/Which as they kiss consume: the sweetest honey/ Is loathsome in his own deliciousness/ And in the taste confounds the appetite:/ Therefore love moderately; long love doth so; /Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow."

The friar uses the word "violent" to express that Romeo's love for Juliet is violently strong but can also lead to violence. He compares a hasty love to a fiery death. His words foreshadow the death and destruction that await Romeo and Juliet and their families, as the friar compares their love to kisses that consume (meaning that their own kisses consume or destroy them). He also compares their love to honey that is so sweet that it makes one sick and destroys the appetite. Friar Lawrence urges Romeo to "love moderately," as love that lasts a long time is moderate, or not so passionate. It is just as bad to be fast, Friar Laurence tells Romeo, as it is to be too slow. 

What effect did labor unions have on the working conditions in factories?

Depending on the time period in which you are referencing, labor unions had a mixed impact on working conditions. In the mid-1800s to late 1800s, labor unions weren’t very effective in accomplishing their goals. There were no laws that gave unions the right to exist. As a result, court decisions rarely supported union activities. Big business owners had all the power, and they rarely gave unions what they wanted.

As we entered the 1900s, things began to change. The Clayton Antitrust Act gave unions the right to exist. The Progressives were able to pass laws addressing the poor working conditions in factories. Worker compensation laws were passed along with health and safety regulations. Some workers got an eight-hour day, and child labor was banned. In the 1930s, the Wagner Act reinforced the idea that unions had the right to exist. The National Labor Relations Board was created to help workers resolve disputes. Eventually, the eight-hour day became the standard workday for workers in factories. During World War I and World War II, unions were able to improve conditions for workers. The government generally pressured companies to settle with unions in return for a no-strike pledge. We couldn't afford to have workers go on strike during a time of war. Thus in the 1900s, unions were more successful in improving conditions in factories than they were in the 1800s.

How do the boys in Lord Of The Flies sustain themselves in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4?

Chapter 3 begins with a description of Jack hunting. He isn't able to get anything but afterward, in talking to Ralph, he reveals his deep desire to get some meat.

This question seems to apply to food as sustenance. But the boys are "sustained" in other ways. Jack is sustained (kept motivated and occupied) by a growing need to hunt and potentially kill. Ralph and Simon are sustained by their work on the shelters and their hope of being rescued. This notion of being sustained implies a notion of what keeps the boys motivated and/or occupied.

Getting back to the question of food as sustenance, when Jack returns and is talking to Ralph, he gets some water from a coconut shell. The water comes from the fresh stream. 

Later in this chapter, Simon is off walking by himself. He walks through acres of fruit trees where (as the narrator puts it) even the "least energetic" person could find plenty of food. So, here is a plentiful source of sustenance. The littluns catch up with Simon but they can not reach the fruit, so he grabs it for them. 

In Chapter 4, Jack successfully kills a pig. Although Ralph is angry at Jack for having neglected the fire, he gladly eats some meat: 

Ralph’s dribbled. He meant to refuse meat, but his past diet of fruit and nuts, with an odd crab or fish, gave him too little resistance. He accepted a piece of half-raw meat and gnawed it like a wolf. 

So, prior to this successful hunt, Ralph (and the others) had been surviving on fruit, nuts, and the occasional crab or fish. 

Describe Tom Buchanan and events that take place concerning him in chapter 4 of The Great Gatsby.

In this chapter, we see Tom once in person, and then through Jordan Baker's recollections of him early in his marriage to Daisy.

First, Nick goes to lunch with Gatsby in the city, where they eat with Mr. Wolfsheim and run into Tom Buchanan. Nick sees Tom from across the room and takes Gatsby over to meet him. Tom is glad to see Nick: he "jumped up, and took half a dozen steps in our direction," Nick says. Tom asks Nick where he's been lately. Nick introduces Gatsby to him, but Gatsby doesn't register on Tom at all, and when Nick turns around, Gatsby has disappeared.

In the second encounter with Tom, Jordan, who was a bridesmaid in Daisy's 1917 wedding, tells the story of Daisy getting drunk the day before the wedding and wanting to call it off, but marrying Tom after all the next day. Some time afterwards, a scandal makes it into the newspaper when Tom gets into a car accident with a hotel chambermaid he has been having an affair with. We learn that Tom and Daisy move to Chicago and join "a fast crowd, all of them young and rich and wild."

These two encounters include irony: Tom has no idea how big a role Gatsby will briefly play in this life, and foreshadowing: Tom's accident with the chambermaid in the car foreshadows events at the end of the novel.

What can you learn from the role of women in Macbeth?

One thing that is striking about Macbeth is the extent to which women are, to a great extent, the driving force behind the title character's rise and fall. The witches plant the idea of murder in Macbeth's mind in the third scene by hailing him as the future king of Scotland, and they misleadingly convince him of his own power and indestructibility through their prophecies. He trusts them until the end, when he discovers that they have led him astray. Similarly, Lady Macbeth is very influential, perhaps even decisive, in urging her husband to go through with the murder of Duncan. She questions his masculinity and his courage to persuade him to abandon his fears and his conscience to kill the sleeping king. She is initially remorseless, and urged Macbeth to be so as well. In short, Shakespeare gave these women characteristics that his contemporaries would have regarded as masculine. Though they are not by a long shot his only strong female characters, Shakespeare portrays their behavior as unnatural--the witches are described by Banquo as having beards, and Lady Macbeth is explicit in her desire to "unsex" herself to drive her husband to fulfill his destiny. So what we can learn about women's roles in Macbeth is that to Shakespeare and his contemporaries, operating outside of these roles was unnatural and potentially deadly. So the play indicates something of how gender and the natural order of things were viewed in Jacobean England. 

double integration of e^(x+y)dx dy ranging from 0

Hello!

It isn't a good idea, use the variable of integration in the limits of integration. I think you meant `0ltxltln(a)` for some constant `a` or `0ltxltln(y),` in the latter case integration by `x` is inner:

`int_1^(ln 8) (int_0^(ln a) e^(x+y) dx) dy.`

Consider the inner integral. It is simple because  `e^(x+y)=e^xe^y:`

`int_0^(ln a) e^(x+y) dx = e^yint_0^(ln a) e^(x) dx = e^y(a-1).`

This formula is true even if `a` is a function of `y.` If a is a constant, then the double integral is equal to

`(a-1) int_1^(ln 8) e^y dy = (a-1)(8-e).`

If `a=y` (in the case `0ltxltln y`), then the integral requires integration by parts. The indefinite integral is

`int e^y(y-1) dy = |u=y-1, du=dy, dv=e^y dy, v=e^y| =`

`= (y-1)e^y - int e^y dy =(y-2)e^y+C.`

And the definite integral is `8(ln8-2)+e approx 3.35.`

How can I write an essay, including thesis statement and body paragraphs, on the topic of the causes and effects of racism in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Racism is one of the major themes in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. In writing your essay about the causes and effects of racism, you will want to focus on the character of Tom Robinson, a black man who is falsely accused of rape and defended by Atticus Finch.

To organize your essay, you might want to state a general thesis about how the novel views the causes, effects, and nature of racism in your introduction, and then devote each body paragraph or main section of your essay to discussing the causes and effects of racism on individual characters. 

For your thesis, you might argue that the major cause of racism in the novel is fear, especially on the part of white people, and introduce the concept of "white privilege." You could support this with the following quote, in which Atticus Finch explains to Scout:

... nigger-lover is just one of those terms ... ignorant, trashy people use ... when they think somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves. 

The first body paragraph should discuss Robinson and his attitudes towards race. In this paragraph, you should emphasize how kind he has been to Mayella Ewell. As Robinson is tried and lynched primarily because he is black, you can talk about him as an example of the effects of racial prejudice on black people.

Your next paragraphs should discuss Robert and Mayella Ewell and why they might resent a black man who better exemplified the virtues of a gentleman than Robert and why Robert, himself a violent and shiftless alcoholic, might see Robertson as a threat to his white privilege. 

Next, you might look individually at the jury in Robinson's trial and Braxton Bragg Underwood and try to understand why they might feel threatened by blacks in general. 

What are some of Jacques Derrida's points in "Structure, Sign, and Play"? What are good questions for a class discussion?

I reread this classic essay, and it holds up as well now as when I was in graduate school. If you read only one Derrida essay to understand deconstruction (a term today misapplied indiscriminately to almost any kind of analysis or interpretation) this would be the essay to read.

Derrida begins by discussing how thinkers like Nietzsche, Freud and Heidegger radically critiqued the very disciplines they worked in. The problem with all three, however, was that they critiqued the discipline by using the structure (the way the discipline organizes its thinking) of the discipline they were critiquing. Nietzsche, for example, might have undone philosophy as we understood it to that point, but he did it within the structure of philosophical thought. 

That would be like a radio announcer announcing the death of radio but only ever using the radio as his medium or a person announcing the death of smoke signals a a medium of communication using only smoke signals. What we need, Derrida, is a rupture.

Derrida finds that rupture in the work of ethnologist Claude Levi-Strauss. He owes a great debt to Levi-Strauss's self conscious understanding and articulation of the limits of his own discipline. What happened was that Levi-Strauss (and almost everyone else in his field), in studying cultures from around the world, used a binary model of pitting "nature" against "culture." If a practice cut across all cultures, Levi-Strauss (and other anthropologists and ethnologists) called it "natural." If a practice was specific to one or only a few cultures, it was called "cultural." What Levi-Strauss noticed was that incest taboos were both universal (all cultures have them) and yet specific (the rules vary from culture to culture.) They were thus both "natural" and "cultural." Yet how could that be? That would be like saying a person was both a man and a woman. The binary rules of the game said that a practice (or person) was either one OR the other.

Levi-Strauss solved this problem by arguing that the structures we use to understand our disciplines are not perfect, transcendent, Platonic forms, but kluges: tools that serve a purpose. We use binary thinking as a tool to help us understand ethnography, but the tool itself is a flawed improvisation. We use, so to speak, whatever we can find on our junk truck to hold the building up. Levi-Strauss and Derrida called the tool at hand a bricolage. 

From there, Derrida makes his leap: there is no transcendent signifier, no perfect structure that stands outside of the mess of language and reality. We want a perfect form, a perfect structure, a perfect system, perfect stasis, perfect presence but we can't have it. Instead we have freeplay, large areas of indeterminacy in sign systems where meanings are fluid and changing.

Derrida notes that Levi-Strauss gives up the idea that we can pinpoint or determine a moment when the first word develops in the human consciousness. We jump, says Levi-Strauss, from no language to language fully formed. There is no determinate point of origin. We also create grammars of language based on small samples: we can never encompass an entire language in its totality in any one grammar because meanings are always changing and we know, too, that in the future, language will add words, and we can't know now what those words will be. This inability to totalize a system is called indeterminacy. So Levi-Strauss shows again that our structures are imperfect, punctuated by freeplay. Likewise, Levi-Strauss says we can't capture the mythology of a culture completely and the mythology we construct as we gather mythologies itself creates a new mythology. We also can't locate an original, first myth: myths are ever changing. This structural fluidity is true, says Derrida, not just for ethnography, but for all disciplines. Our sign systems (be they spoken languages or the dialect of a particular discipline or mythologies) are open-ended and indeterminate and the structures we use to understand them are imperfect as well. Locating the contradictions or inconsistencies in a structure (such as where binaries dissolve, as in the case of the incest taboo) is the work of deconstruction. 

According to Derrida, we can keep trying to impose rigid structures on our disciplines to attempt to create what he deems an "impossible" presence or we can accept and enjoy what "freeplay" (or play) has to offer us.

Questions: What is a binary opposition? Give an example from Levi-Strauss.

What does Derrida say about the transcendent signifier?

Anywhere in life, what are some examples of bricolage?

How might Derrida's emphasis on indeterminacy make us uncomfortable? 

What is the difference between how Miles and Jesse view their immortality?

"Maybe. But we don't know them," Jesse pointed out. "We've never had anyone but us to talk about it to. Winnie—isn't it peculiar? And kind of wonderful? Just think of all the things we've seen in the world! All the things we're going to see!"

"That kind of talk'll make her want to rush back and drink a gallon of the stuff," warned Miles. "There's a whole lot more to it than Jesse Tuck's good times, you know."

"Oh, stuff," said Jesse with a shrug. "We might as well enjoy it, long as we can't change it. You don't have to be such a parson all the time."

"I'm not being a parson," said Miles. "I just think you ought to take it more serious."

The above exchange happens between Miles Tuck and Jesse Tuck in chapter 8.  They have just finished explaining to Winnie Foster that the fresh water spring in the Foster woods granted them eternal life almost a century earlier.  Miles and Jesse Tuck have polar opposite opinions on the ramifications of eternal life.  Miles Tuck sees his eternal life as a big responsibility.  He sees it as something to be taken care of carefully and used as a tool.  

"Someday," said Miles, "I'll find a way to do something important."

Jesse, on the other hand, sees his eternal life as a way to extend his fun and enjoyment of life indefinitely.  Jesse's eternal life isn't so much a tool to be used (as it is to Miles) as it is a toy to be played with.  He plans to use his eternal life for perpetual fun.  It's important to note that Jesse is the only Tuck family member that sees eternal life in this fashion.  He's also the only Tuck family member that encourages Winnie to consider drinking from the spring at some point in her life.  

What are two different plot elements in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

All plots are made up of five different elements. The first element is the exposition, which is found at the beginning of the story and is the moment the author introduces all major parts of the story such as the setting, the characters, and the main conflicts. The second element is the rising action, which refers to all action that takes place in the story as a result of the conflict; all rising action leads to the climax of the story. The climax, the third plot element, is the turning point in the story; its the moment when the conflict reaches its greatest point of intensity, and the resolution of the story is in sight. The fourth plot element is the falling action, which is all action that takes place after the conflict and brings the story to its resolution. The resolution, the fifth and final plot element, is the moment at the end of the story in which all problems posed by the conflict have been solved.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses the entire first chapter as her exposition. Here, she introduces her narrator and protagonist, Scout Finch, plus all other major characters, including Scout's brother Jem Finch, their father Atticus, their cook Calpurnia, their new friend Dill, and the members of the Radley Family. Even a couple of minor neighborhood characters are introduced, such as the town's gossip named Miss Stephanie Crawford and Dill's aunt named Miss Rachel Haverford. Lee even establishes the Finch's ancestry by stating that their founding father, Simon Finch, came from Cornwall, England, as a fur-trapper and a persecuted Methodist who crossed the Atlantic and eventually made his way up to Saint Stephens, Alabama, where he  developed a very financially profitable homestead, called Finch's Landing.

Lee also uses the first chapter to set the novel in Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression, specifically when President Franklin D. Roosevelt had taken office during the 1930s. We know the novel is set during the Great Depression based on Scout's following narrative description of Maycomb's economy:

A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with. (Ch. 1)

We further know the novel is set during the Great Depression at the start of Roosevelt's presidency based on Scout's statement that "Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself," which is a reference to a famous line in Roosevelt's first inaugural address:

... let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself--nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. (as cited in George Mason University, History Matters)

As Lee progresses through the first chapter, we begin to see the development of conflicts. The greatest conflict has to do with events that led up to Jem's arm having been broken, which we later learn has to do with Tom Robinson's trial. A minor conflict concerns Dill encouraging Jem to try and get Boo Radley to come out of his house, a conflict that Lee uses to develop her central theme of prejudices.

Is Macbeth a tragic hero according to Aristotle's definition of the term? Explain why or why not.

Macbeth meets many of Aristotle’s tragic hero requirements.

Hamartia (tragic flaw): Macbeth does not seem to possess the flaw of ambition at the beginning of the play; in fact, that trait is more strongly exhibited by Lady Macbeth. But as the play progresses, Macbeth becomes more and more ambitious. His ambition is most fully realized when he orders the murder of Macduff’s family.

Peripeteia (reversal of fortune): When Fleance escapes the murderers, Macbeth feels that he has not successfully insured the continuation of his royal line. This leads him to seek out the witches again, who confuse him and fill him with false confidence.

Anagnorisis (critical discovery): There are several points when this occurs. When he finds out that Macduff is technically “not of woman born” he realizes that he can, indeed, be killed by him. When the witches show him a future filled with Banquo’s royal descendants, he realizes that his crown is “fruitless.”

Nemesis (fate that cannot be avoided): This could be applied to several parts of the story. When servants report that Birnam Wood is marching on the castle, Macbeth realizes that the witches' first prophecy has misled him. He cannot escape the coming attack.

It seems a little strange to think of Macbeth in any sort of heroic terms, since he is such a bloody and ruthless tyrant. It is the fact that he started out heroically, in defense of Duncan’s kingdom, and then falls victim to his wife’s manipulative genius, that makes us look at Macbeth in the tragic sense—he was caught up in events that he could not control or foresee the consequences of. 

Besides Atticus and Mrs. Dubose, what minor characters show courage in To Kill a Mockingbird? How do they demonstrate this courage? Provide quotes...

Minor characters in To Kill a Mockingbird who demonstrate courage are Miss Maudie, Calpurnia, Mr. Underwood, Boo Radley, and Sheriff Tate.

• Miss Maudie

--Miss Maudie is not afraid to defy public opinion. Whenever the children speak of Boo Radley, Miss Maudie is quick to encourage them to leave Boo alone. She does not repeat the gossip of others; instead, she is sympathetic to Boo, and tells the children that he lives in "a sad house":

"I remember Arthur Radley when he was a boy. He always spoke nicely to me, no matter what folks said he did. Spoke as nicely as he knew how."

When "the foot-washing Baptists" pass through the streets, they shout scripture at Miss Maudie in criticism of her gardens--

"He that cometh in vanity departeth in darkness!"

But, with pluck she retorts equally, quoting Scripture which refutes the woman's castigation: "A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance!"

--Perhaps her most courageous moment comes when Miss Maudie sarcastically asks the hypocritical Mrs. Merriweather, who has previously praised the missionary work in Africa of her pastor, but derogates her Aftrican-American maid Sophy, if her husband's food (that Sophy has cooked) sticks as he tries to swallow it.

"Maudie, I'm sure I don't know what you mean," said Mrs. Merriweather.
"I'm sure you do," Miss Maudie said shortly [meaning curtly].

One Sunday Calpurnia takes Jem and Scout with her to church so that they can better understand the conditions under which Tom Robinson and others live. However, one of the church members, Lula, is offended by their presence: 

"You ain't got no business bringin' white chillun here--they got their church, we got our'n. It is our church, ain't , Miss Cal?"
Calpurnia said, "It's the same God, ain't it?"

• Mr. Underwood

Although he has a reputation for hating African-Americans, Mr. Underwood has the integrity and courage to acknowledge the terrible injustice of what has happened to the innocent Tom Robinson. With forthrightness, Mr. Underwood writes in the Maycomb Tribune an editorial decrying the cruelty of the racial bias of Maycomb's jurors who sentenced an innocent man and, thereby caused his death. Scout describes his editorial,

Mr. Underwood was at his most bitter, and he couldn't have cared less who canceled advertising and subscriptions....Mr. Underwood simply figured it was a sin to kill cripples, be they standing, sitting, or escaping. He likened Tom's death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children....

• Boo Radley

A recluse for years, Boo Radley is further repressed by his brother Nathan after Mr. Radley dies. (e.g. His attempts to communicate with the children is foiled when Mr. Nathan cements the knothole of their tree in which Boo has left handmade toys and gum.) Nevertheless, Boo continues to be vigilant of the children. When he hears the struggles of Jem and Scout on their walk home from the school program, he courageously leaves his house and accosts Bob Ewell, struggling with him until Ewell is stabbed in the throat with his own knife. Clearly, he has risked his own life to save those of the Finch children.
Sheriff Tate tells Atticus,

"I never heard tell that it's against the law for citizen to do his utmost to prevent a crime from being committed, which is exactly what he did...."

• Sheriff Tate

Sheriff Tate bravely takes it upon himself to report the cause of death of Bob Ewell's as his having fallen upon his own knife. Tate asserts that he will not include in his report the name of Arthur Radley, who played an important part in Bob's death because it will serve no good purpose; on the contrary, it will only expose poor Arthur to gossip and public scrutiny. Mr. Tate tells Atticus:

There's a black boy dead for no reason, and the man responsible for it's dead. Let the dead bury the dead this time, Mr. Finch. Let the dead bury the dead.

Atticus understands his reasoning and appeals to Scout to understand. She does, saying to involve Boo in the incident would "... be sort of like shootin' a mockingbird, wouldn't it?" 

What rhetorical devices did John F. Kennedy use in his inaugural speech?

In his inaugural address, given on January 20, 1961, Kennedy most famously used the rhetorical device of chiasmus, which is a fancy way of saying that a phrase is inverted when it is repeated. When he said, "ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country," he was using this AB-BA pattern, inverting the order of "country" and "you" the second time he used these two words. 

In addition, Kennedy used antithesis--putting two opposing ideas next to each other. For example, in his first line, he said, "We observe not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom--symbolizing an end as well as a beginning--signifying renewal as well as change." The proximity of these opposing ideas made it clear that he was calling for a break with the past. He was at once recognizing an ending as well as celebrating a beginning that had a strong connection to the past.

Kennedy also used anaphora, or the repetition or words or phrases. For example, he said, "Let us begin anew...Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." The repetition of "let us" is an example of anaphora, while the "Let us know never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate" is another example of chiasmus. The repetition of words allowed Kennedy to place emphasis on them.

Finally, Kennedy used a great deal of alliteration, or starting two words that are close together or next to each other with the same sounds. There are many examples of alliteration in his speech, including "to friend and foe" and "a hard and bitter peace, proud.." Using alliteration made his speech more poetic and memorable.

In The Great Gatsby what page does the quote "he threw all those parties hoping she'd wander in one night" appear?

In my copy of The Great Gatsby the line in question is in chapter four, page 84, almost at the end of the chapter. I have the "First Scribner Paperback Fiction Edition 1995" with the preface by Matthew Broccoli.

The line is spoken by Jordan Baker, who is asking Nick to arrange a meeting between Daisy and Gatsby. She has just finished telling Nick about the love affair between Gatsby and an eighteen-year old Daisy Fay of Louisville, Kentucky. She also tells Nick about Daisy's wedding day when she became quite drunk after receiving a letter, presumably from Gatsby.

Gatsby, of course, has built his palatial mansion on West Egg right across from the Buchanan's house on East Egg. He throws lavish parties attended by people who are basically strangers to him. He wants to impress Daisy with his wealth and he hopes, as the lines suggest, she will attend one of his parties. When she never shows up he employs the assistance of Nick, who is Daisy's cousin.

Is Macbeth's head brought out on the battlefield or inside Macbeth's castle?

The entire duel between Macbeth and Macduff takes place in the open field outside Macbeth's castle. The two actors playing Macbeth and Macduff begin fighting on the stage. They leave the stage still fighting. Evidently, this first exit was intended to make the duel seem long and grueling. Some of it occurs offstage because the actors cannot be expected to look like two professional soldiers having a real sword fight for a substantial length of time onstage. After the actors reenter and Macduff evidently kills Macbeth onstage, he must somehow retire offstage with Macbeth's body. Shakespeare wanted to show Macbeth's head, either being carried by Macduff by the scalp or impaled on a stake or pike. This obviously had to be a fake head, and Macduff would have had to go offstage to obtain that fake head and then reenter. All of this occurs in Act V, Scene 7, and the entire scene is understood to be taking place on the field of battle outside the castle. The stage directions at the beginning of Scene 7 specify [Another part of the field.]  There is a great deal of physical action indicated. For example,

Enter, with drum and colors, Malcolm, Siward, Ross, [the other] Thanes, and Soldiers.

There is no indication, however, that the action takes place anywhere but in the one part of the open field.

In the short story "Charles" by Shirley Jackson, why were Laurie's parents looking forward to meeting the kindergarten teacher?

Laurie’s parents were looking forward to meeting his teacher so that they could find out more about Charles.

Laurie did not adjust well to kindergarten.  He was a spoiled child, and the rules and order of school did not suit him.  He came from school each day complaining about a classmate named Charles who got into a lot of trouble.  Laurie and his parents thought that Charles was a lot of fun.

“Well,” he said, “Charles was bad again today.” He grinned. “Today Charles hit the teacher,” he said.

“Good heavens,” I said. “I suppose he got spanked again?”

“He sure did,” Laurie said.

As Laurie continues to come home day after day and describe the horrible things Charles does, his parents are curious but not overly concerned.  After all, their son is no angel.  He talks back, harasses the baby, and generally wreaks havoc.

When the night of the Parent-Teachers meeting comes, Laurie’s mother stays home because the baby is sick.  As a result, she does not get to meet Laurie’s teacher.  She continues to listen to his reports about Charles, the scourge of the kindergarten.

When Laurie’s mother finally makes it to the PTA meeting, she looks for any woman who might be Charles’s mother and then seeks out the kindergarten teacher.  The teacher is polite and they discuss Laurie.

“He’s had some trouble getting used to school,” she said. “But I think he’ll be all right.”

Laurie’s mother asks about Charles, and learns that there is no Charles.  Then she realizes the truth.  Charles is not real.  Her son made him up.  Everything that he has described has been his own behavior.

Of course, it is truly ironic that Laurie’s mother is so judgmental when, overwhelmed with a baby, she has not really been paying attention.  Both of Laurie’s parents have let his behavior go, when they should have realized that it would have an effect on his school life.  Charles was his way of telling them that he needed help, and they missed it completely.

Where do Buddy and his friend keep their money?

In Truman Capote’s short story “A Christmas Memory,” Buddy and his friend raise money to pay for the ingredients to make their annual Christmas fruitcakes. They do small jobs, enter contests, save money given to them by other household members, and even hold a freak show in their barn to make money. As they add to the “Fruitcake Fund” they hide the money in an “ancient bead purse.” The purse is placed under a floorboard that they are able to raise. That floorboard is located under a chamber pot, which is placed beneath the friend’s bed. For the most part, once the money is placed in the purse, which stays in its hiding place, it is not removed until it is time to shop for the fruit, flour, whiskey, and other ingredients to make the cakes. The purse is only taken out to add money, or on Saturdays when Buddy is allowed a dime to see a movie.

In Farhenheit 451, why don't the authorities bother the hobos?

There are two explanations as to why the government doesn't bother those in the hobo camps:

1. According to Faber, the government doesn't bother these people because they "never considered them a great enough danger to go in and track them down."

2. According to those at the camps, they did not keep books on them, instead they kept them in their heads and destroyed whatever books they had. Granger, who seems to be the leader of the group explains, "We read the books and burnt them, afraid they'd be found." In fact, according to Granger, the government does, in fact, bother those in the camps. He says that they're "stopped and searched occasionally, but there's nothing on our persons to incriminate us."

The hobo camps make up a loosely-based organization full of intellectuals and other book lovers. The camp Montag runs into has former professors from UCLA and Harvard and a preacher who angered the government. They memorize books with the pledge to write them down once the social order changes to one that welcomes intellectual thought. 

Name two types of animals that depend on protist for food.

Protists are photosynthetic organisms that are responsible for providing food to a large fraction of world's animals and organisms. They share a symbiotic relationship with corals. In this arrangement, protists provide food to the corals and this enables the corals to secrete compounds necessary for making the skeleton. The corals provide protected environment for the protists and also provide nutrients for carrying out photosynthesis. Other species are also capable of feeding on protists. In fact, protists themselves may eat each other, for example, amoeba and ciliates can feed on other protists. Since protists can carry out photosynthesis, while some others can eat protists (and some bacteria as well), protists are both a producer and 1st level consumer in a given food web.

Hope this helps.  

What were the main roots of the scientific revolution?

The Scientific Revolution ushered in the shift from medieval scientific philosophy. It was centered on new scientific procedures developed by a number of individuals including; Bacon, Rene Descartes, Galileo, Newton, Spinoza and Comenius among other thinkers. Scientific revolution formed the basis of modern science which led to significant changes in the environment and society, by challenging previous assumptions.

Scientific revolution had its roots in the growing need for experimentation by thinkers of that particular period. Medieval science relied mostly on circumstantial evidence to prove its theories. This led to the need by thinkers to prove some of the assumed theories through systematic experimentation and observation.

This led to empiricism and the development of inductive approaches in the investigation of nature. Empiricism was fueled by the collaboration between mathematical communities, astronomical groups, and thinkers of the period.

Publication of scientific research helped in promoting the scientific revolution by providing an avenue for thinkers to address gaps in knowledge based on previous empirical studies. Publishing of such works was facilitated by institutions such as the British Royal Society. The publications generated discussions and arguments which led to further testing and reliable conclusions.

What does Fezziwig symbolize in A Christmas Carol?

In Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, Fezziwig symbolizes all that Scrooge is not. Fezziwig was the kind, compassionate employer who Scrooge apprenticed under as a young man. On Christmas Eve, Fezziwig shuttered up his business and threw a large, rambunctious party for his employees, family, and friends.

"Yo ho, my boys!'' said Fezziwig. "No more work to-night. Christmas Eve, Dick. Christmas, Ebenezer! Let's have the shutters up,'' cried old Fezziwig, with a sharp clap of his hands, "before a man can say, Jack Robinson!"

He valued his young apprentices and his business but he was able to put his work aside to enjoy the fruits of his labor with family and friends. Fezziwig, along with his loving wife, showed gratitude to all of the people who worked for them or provided services such as the baker and butcher. He was the antithesis of what Scrooge became. As Scrooge watched the party scene, a knowing look crossed his face as he traveled to the past with the Ghost who guided him through his past.

How and When does Scout show empathy in To Kill A Mockingbird? In the final chapter I know she "walks around in" Boo's "skin" but is there any...

The lesson Scout learns from Atticus to respect people and to try to see life from their perspective is seen through Scout’s interaction and understanding of several characters in the rest of the novel.  First of all, she has an immediate understanding about Walter Cunningham when she says “hey” to Mr. Cunningham at the courthouse where Atticus is protecting Tom Robinson from the lynch mob.  She has put her prejudices aside and asks Mr. Cunningham to tell Walter hello.  This shows that Scout has taken Atticus’ lesson to heart.  Scout also learns to sympathize with Mayella Ewell's horrible situation and existence.  During Mayella’s testimony about her alleged rape by Tom Robinson, Scout listens intently to Mayella and comes to the conclusion that she must be the “loneliest person in the world.”  She doesn’t have any friends and spends her time taking care of her brothers and sisters.  Mayella doesn’t even know that it is polite for Atticus to call her, “M’am”.  She is so isolated in the cabin next to the dump that she leads a helpless, lonely existence afraid of her own father.  Scout’s ability to understand this simply by listening to Mayella’s testimony shows just how much Scout has learned Atticus’ lesson and how she practices it.   

Was Rainsford in the army in "The Most Dangerous Game"?

General Zaroff was in the army, but so was Rainsford.

Zaroff is fully aware that Rainsford was in the army.  Almost every man his age would have fought in World War I.  When Zaroff is explaining his views on the acceptable nature of killing whatever men he feels inferior, he seems to think that Rainsford having been a soldier would make him agree with his views.

He regarded Rainsford quizzically. "I refuse to believe that so modern and civilized a young man as you seem to be harbors romantic ideas about the value of human life. Surely your experiences in the war--"

"Did not make me condone cold-blooded murder," finished Rainsford stiffly.

Rainsford became an experienced hunter, and even wrote books on the subject.  This is one of the reasons that Zaroff knows so much about him.  He respects Rainsford’s abilities.  He knows that between his service in the war and his hunting skills he will be a very good competitor.  Zaroff can’t wait to hunt him.

During the hunt, Rainsford does use his war experience to aid him in evading Zaroff.  The combination of hunting skills and war experience indeed makes him a formidable foe.

Rainsford had dug himself in in France when a second's delay meant death. That had been a placid pastime compared to his digging now. The pit grew deeper; when it was above his shoulders, he climbed out and from some hard saplings cut stakes and sharpened them to a fine point.

Zaroff’s experience in the army was likely different than Rainsford’s.  Rainsford was clearly in the thick of it.  Zaroff, on the other hand, joined the Russian army as an officer because that was what was expected of a wealthy young man.

“…I went into the army--it was expected of noblemen's sons--and for a time commanded a division of Cossack cavalry, but my real interest was always the hunt. I have hunted every kind of game in every land. It would be impossible for me to tell you how many animals I have killed."

Zaroff considers his entire life one long hunt.  To him, the fact that he ended up on the wrong side of the Russian “debacle” known as the Russian Revolution meant little.  He just went off to create his own little island kill zone.  Clearly he had plenty of money left.