Are humans more closely related to bonobos or chimpanzees?

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the Bonobos are slightly more similar to humans, genetically, than Chimpanzees:

"Bonobos, primates similar to chimpanzees, which live only in the rainforests of central Democratic Republic of Congo, share 98.9% of their DNA with humans... Chimps share around 98.5% of DNA with humans."

This is contested by other sources (though it should be noted that the Book of World Records is fairly rigorous when documenting "records" and is very good about staying current).

It should be noted that disagreements on this point should be expected - according to the Smithsonian Institute, there can be measurable genetic differences between individual humans:

"While the genetic difference between individual humans today is minuscule – about 0.1%, on average – study of the same aspects of the chimpanzee genome indicates a difference of about 1.2%. The bonobo (Pan paniscus), which is the close cousin of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), differs from humans to the same degree."

Finally, it's important to keep in mind that, in the end, we're all far more similar than we are different. According to a publication by the Human Genome Project, 

"a March 2000 study comparing the fruit fly genome with the human genome discovered that about 60 percent of genes are conserved between fly and human. Or, to put it simply, the two organisms appear to share a core set of genes."

What are three examples of person versus self in "The Diary of Anne Frank"?

When there is a conflict of person versus self in a work of literature, this usually means that there is an internal struggle being fought within someone's mind against him or herself. In "The Diary of Anne Frank," Anne, Mr. Van Daan, and Peter can be seen struggling within themselves to fight back certain urges. First, Anne struggles with herself to behave more like an adult; then, Mr. Van Daan struggles to control his urge to smoke and to steal food; and finally, Peter fights to control his temper with his father.

In act 1, scene 4, Anne speaks to her father about her struggle to behave better. She has just rejected her mother's comforting love and made her cry. Her father tells her that making her mother cry is not proper behavior. Anne reveals her personal conflict by saying the following:

"Oh, Pim, I was horrible, wasn't I? And the worst of it is, I can stand off and look at myself doing it and know it's cruel and yet I can't stop doing it. What's the matter with me? Tell me. Don't say it's just a phase! Help me."

Pim tells her that she must find the answer within herself. Parents can be good examples, he explains, but ultimately she must decide to behave better.

Next, Mr. Van Daan not only struggles through the play worried about where he will get his next cigarette to fuel his addiction, but in act 2, scene 3, he is caught stealing food in the middle of the night. Everyone in the annex is furious at him. Mrs. Frank threatens to throw him and his wife out because his actions show that he is low enough to steal bread from children. Mr. Van Daan doesn't seem remorseful until Miep arrives with news that the Allies have invaded Normandy. Then Mr. Van Daan admits his fault and internal conflict by saying, "To steal bread from children! . . . No one is as bad as me!"

Finally, in act 1, scene 5, Peter puts up with his father's verbal abuse throughout the whole play. When Peter accidentally lets a light crash to the floor while a burglar is on the premises, he puts up with more abuse from his father. For example, as Peter goes to help Mr. Frank, his father pushes him violently away and tells him he's caused enough problems already. At this, Peter picks up a chair and threatens to hit his father with it. Fortunately, he puts the chair down without any further incident, but Peter's violent demonstration implies that he struggles to respect his father and control his temper at the same time.

Why does Miss Strangeworth write letters to others?

In Shirley Jackson's short story "The Possibility of Evil," Miss Strangeworth is an elderly lady of the town who feels a moral obligation to warn other people of the potential evils that may befall them in life. She writes anonymous letters to people in order to "open their eyes" to "possible evil lurking nearby." The paragraph of the story that explains her motive for writing the letters also says that Miss Strangeworth "never concerned herself with facts" in the letters since she felt it was important to raise people's level of suspicion. We are told that Miss Strangeworth's opinion on the matter is that "as long as evil existed unchecked in the world, it was Miss Strangeworth's duty to keep her town alert to it."

Some of the "evils" that she has forced people to consider are of the more mundane sort, such as adultery and the birth of a child with retardation. Other imagined evils are more elaborate, such as the idea that someone's nephew might bribe a surgeon to fatally botch that person's upcoming surgery in order for the nephew to maybe receive his inheritance sooner. She has been ruining people's relationships and sense of security for an entire year with this letter-writing hobby. Unfortunately for Miss Strangeworth, the vigilance that she has been trying to teach to her neighbors is ultimately turned against her. When one letter recipient discovers that she is the author of the rude letters that have been received all over town, Miss Strangeworth's beloved rose garden is vengefully destroyed.

What does it mean to be "real"? Can you list the necessary traits of things that are real? How can we tell what is real and what is not?

The question of what is "real" or what sort of entities exist is the object of a branch of philosophy known as ontologies. Most philosophical systems are said to possess ontologies in the sense of making different claims about the sort of entities that populate their universes.

Philosophers differ as to whether reality is determined by sense perception or by abstract reasoning. Empiricists such as Hume argue that only those things that can be perceived by our sense are real. They take what first appears to be a common sense position that we can judge what is real by the evidence of our own senses. This view, though, is far more nuanced among philosophers than it might seem on the surface. Several debates ensue from this position.

The first has to do with qualities. If I perceive many different objects which have in common certain visual similarities, which I describe as "red", does this mean that "red" has some sort of independent existence or is it mere an artifact of my mental processes of perceiving similarities among objects? Next, there is concern about whether the senses are reliable. Someone who has a high fever, a brain tumor, is drunk, or is taking drugs might have disordered perceptions. We could say that the pink elephant perceived by someone with disordered perceptions is not "real", but then we become embroiled in a potentially circular argument in which we judge a person's perceptions disordered because they perceive things that are not real, but claim that the perceptions of those people are disordered on the grounds that they claim to perceive unreal things.

Another position is idealism (sometimes, confusingly for nonspecialists, called "realism") which presumes that since the world we perceive by our senses is constantly changing and is perceived differently by different people, it is not real, but only a pale and illusory imitation of an eternal unchanging reality. This position is held in certain forms by Plato and many Buddhist theologians.

Another strand of philosophical thought argues that our raw experiences are mediated through certain mental constructs shaping our perceptions, such as what Kant termed the "synthetic a priori intuitions". Thus we see the world as existing in space and time and events as having causal relationships to one another due to the structure of our minds. 

Each philosophical system, therefore, suggests different ways of telling what is or is not real and proposes a different list of traits of things that are real or not real. 

Which two levels of classification do we use to name an organism? What is the correct way to write the scientific name of an organism?

Taxonomy is a branch of science that has to do with the naming of organisms. It is done by using a universal name that can be understood by scientists all over the world. Many times Latin is used in the naming of organisms.

Carolus Linnaeus was a botanist who lived in the 1700's and devised a system of naming organisms known as binomial nomenclature. It is a two-name system using the categories of genus and species to precisely name an organism. The genus and species name is called an organism's scientific name.

The genus is capitalized and the species is in lower case letters and the scientific name is italicized. The term genus implies that the organisms are closely related and the species name represents a group within this genus capable of only breeding with other members of the species.

An example is Felis tigris--(tiger) and Felis leo--(lion). Both are in the cat genus--Felis and have physical and behavioral characteristics associated with cats. However, these two organisms live in different habitats, have different genes and adaptations. By further dividing the genus into different species it is a more precise way of classifying those two organisms based on their differences. 

Describe the fight between the stable buck and Smitty.

There is not much to say about the fight, as it is described in a few sentences.  However, the context is significant.  Let me start off with the appropriate text.

“Yes sir. Jesus, we had fun. They let the nigger come in that night. Little skinner name of Smitty took after the nigger. Done pretty good, too. The guys wouldn’t let him use his feet, so the nigger got him. If he coulda used his feet, Smitty says he woulda killed the nigger. The guys said on account of the nigger’s got a crooked back, Smitty can’t use his feet.”

According to Candy (who is also speaking these words), during Christmas the boss gave a gallon of whiskey to the men.  During that revelry, they let Crooks into the company of men. Apparently it was there that Smitty and Crooks got into a fight. However, the fight was regulated.  Being that Crooks could not use his back, the men said that Smitty could not use his feet.  Crooks won the fight.  However, Smitty said that if he the use of his feet, he would have won. 

This shows the sheer racism on the ranch.  For the amusement of the men, they make Crooks, the black man, fight.  Also no wonder Crooks feels so alienated on the ranch. 

A crazy astronomer claims to have found a binary star made entirely by antimatter. What is the best way to test his theory?

Antimatter is composed of antiparticles which possess the same mass as normal particles, but opposite electrical charges. Antimatter behaves almost exactly as normal matter does.

We would look at this binary star system with our detectors (telescopes in general). If we could look at the orbits of this binary system, I expect we won't find any evidence, since it is quite expected (but not confirmed experimentally) that antimatter interacts gravitationally the same way as normal matter does because they have the same mass. 

Since antimatter acts almost exactly as normal matter does, observing the light emitted by the stars would result in no conclusions. So our best hope would be to wait for this antimatter to interact with normal matter. We know that space is filled with normal matter, so it is likely that some normal matter would get in contact with these stars and particle-antiparticle annihilation would occur, releasing the maximum energy possible for a given amount of mass involved in the process. By looking at the energy released by this reaction we could deduce that the stars are made up of antimatter.

Other than that, it would be almost impossible to test his theory. Such binary systems are very unlikely to exist, due to the amount of normal matter that we see in the universe. If such amount of antimatter were to exist, it would rapidly annihilate itself with normal matter, creating fireworks of energy in the sky that we would be able to detect.

In the play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, how does fire work as a symbol?

Fire in The Crucible symbolizes sinfulness, and fire's ability to quickly become out of control is mirrored by the way sin seems to spread and destroy everyone and everything in the town.

After all, the trials in this play begin with two small fires, one literal and one figurative.  Reverend Parris mentions fire in Act One when he describes seeing "Tituba waving her arms over the fire" when he found the girls dancing in the forest.  "She were swaying like a dumb beast over that fire!"  This small fire was at the center of the circle when the girls were conjuring spirits and Abigail drank the charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor.  Calling spirits back from the dead and attempting to murder an innocent woman were activities that their community would certainly have considered to be sinful.  Once Reverend Hale finds out about their activities, he immediately believes the Devil to have infiltrated Salem via the slave, Tituba.  He elicits a confession from her, and when she accuses two women in the town as being in league with the Devil, the girls join in and immediately accuse nine more.

Then, when Abigail and John are speaking alone in Parris' house, she says to him, "I have a sense for heat, John, and yours has drawn me to my window, and I have seen you looking up, burning in your loneliness."  The fire between them is metaphorical, but it is sinful because of John's married status.  He has broken one of the Ten Commandments, and so this "fire" between Abigail and himself is certainly representative of that sin.  Because of this "fire," Abigail accuses Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft in order to get rid of her, and the sin spreads further and begins to get more unpredictable and out of control.

When Mrs. Putnam grows upset with Rebecca Nurse, insisting that witchcraft must be responsible for the deaths of her seven babies, she says, "There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fires within fires!"  Because enough people are willing to share this belief, the "fire" spreads in Salem as people begin to accuse their neighbors, land-owners, and outcasts alike, all selfishly motivated.

Finally, after Mary Warren turns on Proctor at the end of Act Three, and Danforth accuses him of being in league with the Devil, Proctor says, "A fire, a fire is burning!  I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face!  And it is my face, and yours, Danforth!  For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance as I have quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that this be fraud -- God damns our kind especially, and we will burn, we will burn together!"  The "fire," i.e. sin, has now spread so much that it has gotten out of control and will consume them all.  Abigail never meant for John to be accused; she loves him.  But the sin has spread so far and so uncontrollably that she can no longer determine where it reaches.  Proctor says, now, that he and Danforth are also responsible for the spread of this "fire because they had the power to stop it and didn't.  He feels that God will mete out a special punishment for them.

What is Gene Forrester's internal war in A Separate Peace?

When discussing Gene Forrester's internal war, he thinks it centers around him versus his best friend Phineas; but it's really a matter of man vs. self. As a bildungsroman (a coming-of-age story) A Separate Peace explores many of the insecurities that face the average teenage boy. Gene suffers from jealousy, competitiveness, low self-esteem, pride and eventually guilt. The diagnosis?--a teenage boy.

Gene's internal war seems to manifest itself whenever he compares himself to Phineas. For example, Phineas breaks the school swimming record but Gene was the only witness for the event. Finny graciously asks Gene not to tell anyone about it, mostly because he doesn't care about swimming as a sport. But Gene can't imagine why someone as competitive and athletic would not want to tell the whole school. Eventually, Gene is so jealous that he gets in an argument with Phineas; but Gene realizes the following:

"I found a single sustaining thought. The thought was, You and Phineas are even already. You are even in enmity. You are both coldly driving ahead for yourselves alone. You did hate him for breaking the school swimming record, but so what? He hated you for getting an A in every course but one last term" (53).

Unfortunately for Gene, Phineas would not have had a second thought about Gene's grades if it weren't for the argument that Gene created. Gene figures this out later and thinks the following:

"He had never been jealous of me for a second. Now I knew that there never was and never could have been any rivalry between us. I was not of the same quality as he. I couldn't stand this" (59).

Gene's pride gets the best of him because he feels like such a fool by this point. And because he's competitive, Gene wants to make Finny look foolish for once in his life. Hence, he jounces the limb of a tree that Finny is standing on. As a result, Finny falls and breaks his leg so badly that doctors later tell him he will never play sports again.

Now Gene has to live with the guilt that his delusions have caused Phineas a life-long consequence--and guilt never does any good for a person's self-esteem. Guilt also fans the flame of a person's internal warfare. Gene must find a way to settle things with Finny and discover how he can become a better person and a better friend. If Gene finds a way to end the war within himself, he will find peace. Fortunately, in the end, Gene does find peace as he confesses to Phineas of all his misguided choices and for breaking his leg. He explains it best below:

"I never killed anybody and I never developed an intense level of hatred for the enemy. Because my war ended before I ever put on a uniform; I was on active duty all my time at school; I killed my enemy there" (204).

Does the long term use of steroids cause atrophying of the adrenal medulla?

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla perform very different functions, and they are affected by different physiological conditions. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing a class of hormones called glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and corticosterone. As the name implies, the most essential function of the glucocorticoids is to regulate the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. The production and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms that are sensitive both to fluctuations in glucose concentrations and to changes in the concentration of glucocorticoids in the bloodstream. So, for example, when glucose concentrations fall, the anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH, a hormone that stimulates the production of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex; the increase in glucocorticoids serves to increase blood glucose levels through a variety of pathways. When glucose and glucocorticoid levels rise too high, the pituitary responds by decreasing its secretion of ACTH, thus bringing the system back into balance.

However, the long-term use of supplemental corticosteroids can cause a persistent elevation in blood levels of both glucocorticoid hormones and glucose, a condition which does not respond to the pituitary's compensatory efforts. In the short term, ACTH levels may fall very low as the pituitary attempts to compensate for the over-abundance of corticosteroids in the bloodstream; in the longer term, the consequence of this persistent depression of ACTH is that the adrenal cortex receives insufficient stimulation to maintain its ordinary structure and functioning, resulting in the atrophy of its tissues. A similar phenomenon is often observed with any hormone-replacement regimen.

How does the adrenal medulla fit into this picture? Well, the adrenal medulla does NOT participate in the production of glucocorticoids, so it is far less likely to be adversely affected by the use of corticosteroids. Its primary job is to produce shorter-acting stimulatory hormones and neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; these systems are affected only tangentially by the corticosteroid/ACTH feedback loop, so it is unlikely that the use of corticosteroids would cause any significant atrophy of the adrenal medulla.

What are some issues that can arise with DNA replication?

DNA carries the hereditary information for an organism. Since it is a double helix, when the two strands unwind during DNA replication, either one can serve as a template for DNA replication. The bases are added to the copied strand according to base-pairing rules with adenine pairing to thymine and cytosine pairing to guanine.

The replicated DNA will have one strand from the original template and one newly synthesized complementary strand.

Mistakes can occur during the pairing of complementary nucleotides to the original template strand. However, the cells have an enzyme called DNA polymerase which can remove the wrong nucleotide by enzymatic action and continue synthesizing the complementary strand. Due to the action of this important enzyme, by the time DNA replication is complete, there is only 1 error per 10 billion nucleotides. This amount is an estimate based on many different sources and I have included two excellent links regarding DNA errors and repair mechanisms.

Even after DNA replication is complete, errors between mismatched base pairs can still be corrected. DNA can be exposed to harmful agents such as X-rays, chemicals in the environment, and UV radiation among others, which can cause damage. Sometimes DNA can spontaneously change. If the cell's repair mechanisms cannot correct a mistake, the change is permanent and is called a mutation.

There are multiple repair enzymes in cells to continuously fix errors in DNA. Examples include nucleases which are able to cut out segments of DNA with damage and the original template strand can be used to guide the correction in the complementary strand.

UV radiation can cause thymine dimers to occur which causes the DNA double helix to buckle. This occurs between adjacent thymine bases. This type of damage which is uncorrected may lead to skin cancer.

It is important to note that errors are not that common, however, some mutations do persist. If DNA never mutated, life could never have new genes. Although many mutations are harmful, some could actually be beneficial in the right environment.

I have included a link to show DNA polymerase and its action on DNA replication and repair.

What are the characteristics of Lenin's strategy to force a socialistic revolution in Russia?

Vladimir Lenin used his April Theses in April 1917 to introduce his strategy for a socialist revolution in Russia. As these ideas took hold among supporters, they developed into the Bolshevik Coup d'etat that occurred later that year in October.

One of the key strategy points located in the April Theses included the call for the Bolsheviks to withdraw their support for the provisional government. Lenin felt like the two institutional bodies in the government represented a class struggle that would lead to one body crushing the rival institution.

Lenin also called for the nationalization of banks and for the government to control the production of manufactured goods—as well as the distribution of these goods. Though there was initial hesitancy to move forward with this plan, as the working class began to show support, those hesitant Bolsheviks agreed to support the plan as well.

How can we make a sequel for the story "After Twenty Years"?

Though it would not be a chronological "sequel," I think perhaps the most interesting way to continue the story would be to look back at where the two men diverged. Clearly Jimmy has remained true in the sense that he did not leave his home and he now walks the beat to protect the people of his city. He is even willing to take a chance on missing a collar because he feels a loyalty to his old friend even though he knows he is now wanted.

Tracking where the two men split up and perhaps even a short story that gives each man an opportunity to take the right path or the wrong one would be interesting. Particularly because O. Henry leaves so much out of the story, there is plenty of room for a prequel or sequel to examine the nature of the two men and what might have been the characteristic that led to their differing choices.

In The Handmaid's Tale, one of the main goals of the Gilead Regime seems to be to control and regulate sex and sexuality. Do you think they...

In answer to your questions, I would argue that no, the sex and sexuality is not necessarily more regulated and normalized under the regime than it is in our modern society. That said, I would also argue that the goal of the regime is not to actually control and regulate sex and sexuality, but merely to keep up the appearance of it being fully regulated.

To elaborate on my first claim, even with clear and strict laws about the hows and whys of sex, many citizens of Gilead still find ways to engage in "immoral" and illegal activities. Offred is amazed when the Commander brings her to the Gilead version of a brothel, but it should come as no surprise. Ever since societies have had taboos around sexuality and sexual behavior, people have found ways to break them. The purpose of sex is for reproduction, and in Gilead, no more noble or important purpose is possible, with the extinction of the human race from infertility seemingly on the horizon. Still, with the strict regulation of sex (and most everything) in Gilead comes the increased need for some sort of rebellion. Readers see this all over the novel, from Offred rubbing butter in her hands to simulate lotion to the Commander's illicit Scrabble games with Offred. Sexual relations outside of the prescribed attempts at conception would be impossible to quell completely, and the laws and authorities of Gilead do not succeed in doing so.

This brings us to my second claim: not only does Gilead fail at stamping out illicit sexual behavior, but it is questionable that this is their goal to begin with. Indeed, it seems that the illusion of controlled sexuality is more valuable to the powers that be of Gilead than actual control and strict regulation. As established above, the small private rebellions are a way for the citizens of Gilead to have a breath of fresh air, so to speak, under an oppressive regime. Additionally, it is important to consider that, though the focus of the story is female oppression, men are oppressed as well, especially sexually. With restricted access to women and specific, limited ways to lawfully engage in sexual activity, both men and women look for ways to rebel against the strict guidelines. As long as these rebellions are private and secret, the authorities of Gilead would likely be content to allow them to continue, with the occasional warning against any larger actions by the men hung up on The Wall. A few personal rebellions aren't going to hurt the structure of Gilead, as long as they don't grow into anything more organized. In fact, they can benefit the state ultimately, as subjects who can get away with a few minor rebellions are likely easier to control in the long run. 

Why is New York pizza one of the world's favorite foods?

By New York pizza, I assume you mean New York City Pizza; it's one of the best pizzas around. If you like New York City pizza and need to describe why:

1.) Try describing what is good about the pizza. This means that a discussion about the crust, sauce, and type of cheese used is in order.

Cheese: usually, low moisture cheese, rather than fresh mozzarella, is used in New York Pizza. This prevents the pizza from becoming soggy.

Crust: New York pizza crust is unique in itself. The bottom two millimeters of the crust is crispy and holds up well even when you fold a slice between your fingers. The next layer, another three to four millimeters, is tender and chewy. The crust closest to the sauce is luxuriantly smooth without being doughy. The addition of a small amount of sugar and some oil lends the New York pizza a browner and crispier crust. The edge of the pizza or cornicione is also slightly raised. This is often the favorite part of many pizza aficionados. The New York pizza crust is different, of course, from the deep dish Chicago version. So, it really depends on which type of crust you like best.

Sauce: the characteristic New York pizza tomato sauce is both sweet and acidic, a unique combination.

Sources: The elements of a New York City pizza (this is a very good link if you need details about the physical characteristics of New York pizza).

A complete guide to New York City pizza styles.

The ten best pizzas in New York City (this link has great descriptions of different types of pizza in New York City).

2.) Discuss the difference between New York pizza and other foods. Pizza can be both a healthy and convenient option for busy and hungry people. Loading a pizza with healthy vegetables and meat can provide a well-balanced meal if one is pressed for time. You can compare pizza to other fast food options or even a home-cooked meal in terms of convenience and taste. In terms of nutritional content, however, you will be hard-pressed to recommend pizza. This is because the average New York Pizza contains more than 400 calories and may have more than 15 grams of fat per slice! However, it sure is fun to eat and may just be our unofficial national food.

In Animal Farm by George Orwell, what did the pigs call the government they formed using Old Major's ideas?

In Chapter Two, the pigs form a government in anticipation of the Rebellion against Mr Jones. This government is called Animalism and is described as a "complete system of thought." It is inspired by Old Major's speech in Chapter One in which he outlined the evil acts perpetrated by mankind against animals, like slaughter for profit. 

To spread the message of Animalism, the pigs conduct secret meetings at night to teach the principles of this system to the other animals. Initially, the other animals demonstrate "stupidity" and "apathy" towards Animalism but, over time, the pigs successfully convince them of its merits and of the wider need to overthrow Mr Jones and run the farm for themselves.

In the aftermath of the Rebellion, the pigs condense Animalism into Seven Commandments which form the foundation of their new society. These Commandments are written on the wall of the barn and become a symbol of hope for the future. 

What does the 10,000 hour rule from Outliers also tell us about social class and success ?

The answer to this question can be found near the end of Part 2 of Chapter 2 in Outliers. (I have this book in electronic form so I cannot give page numbers.)  There, Gladwell tells us that one implication of the 10,000 hour rule is that you generally cannot reach that threshold unless you are somewhat wealthy.

The idea of the 10,000 hour rule is that a person has to engage in working on their skills for 10,000 hours before they can truly become great at those skills.  This is, of course, a tremendous number of hours.  It is the equivalent of working 20 hours each week for more than 9.5 years. 

In most cases, people do not have the opportunity to work that many hours for that many years on a particular set of skills.  The people who are most likely to have these opportunities are those from a relatively high social class.  Such people can afford to put their children in the kinds of special programs that can give them the required number of hours of practice.  As Gladwell says,

It’s all but impossible to reach that number all by yourself by the time you’re a young adult. You have to have parents who encourage and support you. You can’t be poor, because if you have to hold down a part-time job on the side to help make ends meet, there won’t be time left in the day to practice enough.

What this tells us is that people are much more likely to reach greatness if they already start from a position of decent wealth.  This means that social class and success (at least the sort of success Gladwell is talking about in his 10,000 hour rule) are closely connected with one another.

What are adjectives found in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird that describe Jem Finch?

In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee characterizes Jem Finch as being very similar to his father while also being his own person. Jem is characterized as a very morally upright, brave person, while also still being a bit young, naive, and rebellious. Throughout the story, Scout, the narrator, uses many adjectives to describe what her brother Jem is like as a person.

Early on, Scout describes her brother Jem as prideful while also pointing out that he is "respectful." Jem's pride surfaces the moment Dill begins to persuade Jem to conspire with him to try and get Boo Radley to come out of his house. Scout notes Jem's pride when she describes Jem thinking over Dill's temptation for three days in the following:

Jem thought about it for three days. I suppose he loved honor more than his head, for Dill wore him down easily. (Ch. 1)

Scout also notes that Jem finally gave in to Dill's persuasion on the third day to make Boo come out. In saying that Jem "loved honor more than his head," Scout is saying that Jem loved his pride more than he loved thinking reasonably. Since Jem doesn't want Dill thinking he is chicken, Jem becomes willing to give in to Dill's persuasion.

In this same passage, Scout also describes Jem as being a reasonably respectful person while growing up when she notes his response to Dill's taunt that Jem is scared. According to Scout's narration, Jem replies, "Ain't scared, just respectful," which shows us that Jem has been brought up to be morally inclined to respect other peoples' thoughts, feelings, and privacy (Ch. 1).

As Jem gets older, he begins spending less time with Scout and more time by himself. He especially spends time alone reading football magazines. It's at this stage in their relationship when Scout describes him as having a sense of  "maddening superiority" (Ch. 14). For example, Scout considers it "maddening" that Jem should think he understands more than Scout about how worried adults can be. More specifically, at one point, Jem begs Scout not to "antagonize Aunty [Alexandra]" because Alexandra and Atticus are beginning to quarrel due to the fact that Atticus has a lot on his mind concerning Tom Robinson's trial. Scout insists "Atticus [doesn't] worry about anything" and that the trial only worries him about once a week. When Jem says the only reason why Scout thinks the trial isn't worrying Atticus is because she "can't hold something in [her] mind but a little while," whereas adults can think about things for a longer time, Scout becomes infuriated by what she calls Jem's "maddening superiority" (Ch. 14).

Hence, as we can see, Jem is described as a very complex character who is usually respectful and moral but can also be prideful and rebellious.

By what name was Sebastian first known to Antonio?

Sebastian was first known to Antonio as "Roderigo."

To provide some context: Antonio is the sailor who rescues Sebastian (Viola's twin, who she presumed dead) from the shipwreck at the beginning of the play. Sebastian and Antonio immediately become friends (and in some interpretations of the text, they are also lovers); in fact, according to Antonio the pair are together for the entirety of the three months that have passed since the shipwreck:

No interim, not a minute's vacancy,

Both day and night did we keep company.

Despite their close personal relationship, Sebastian has been lying to Antonio and calling himself Roderigo instead of revealing his true identity as Sebastian, son of Sebastian of Messaline, who Antonio would have heard of. It is not until Sebastian decides to leave behind Antonio and seek out the court of Count Orsino that Sebastian tells Antonio his true name. Despite this deception and the dangers that Orsino's court pose to him, Antonio longs to keep Sebastian's company, claiming:

But, come what may, I do adore thee so

That danger shall seem sport, and I will go.

How many people could the Roman Coliseum hold?

The Roman Coliseum is considered one of the most magnificent structures in all of the ancient world. The Coliseum was originally built by Vespasian as a place for the citizens of Rome to go to enjoy entertainment. Historians estimate, based on the remaining ruins, that the Roman Coliseum was able to hold somewhere around 50,000 spectators. These spectators came from all classes of life, with the upper classes in Rome occupying the best and most lavish seats, while lower class citizens had to settle for seats higher up from the action. These seats for the lower classes were much more crowded than those of their upper class counterparts. The spectators would watch as gladiators battled each other and live animals to the death within the central arena. Historians also suggest that the arena could be flooded for the reenactment of famous Roman naval battles! Hope this helps! 

What are some stereotypes that are projected by Allen in "The Kugelmass Episode"?

Woody Allen’s “The Kugelmass Episode” is filled with stereotypes of both men and women. The main character, Kugelmass, completely fits the stereotype of a bored, middle-aged man going through a mid-life crisis. He is described as “bald and hairy as a bear.” He hates his dull life and is looking to spice things up with an affair. Allen writes Kugelmass’s wife, Daphne, as a nagging housewife who is always asking Kugelmass to explain his absences from the house and accuses him of an affair. At one point in the story, Kugelmass describes her as his “ball and chain.” Emma Bovary is at first written as the seductive temptress. She is described by Allen as sensual and flirtatious during her first encounters with Kugelmass. However, when she enters the real world with Kugelmass, Allen turns her into a clingy, needy woman who wants to spend all of his money.

List the reasons the US went to war against Britain in the War of 1812.

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What happened to Jem when he was nearly thirteen?

The novel begins with Scout stating that when Jem was nearly thirteen, he "got his arm badly broken at the elbow." She goes on to say that his left arm hung slightly shorter than his right and that Jem was seldom self-conscious about his injury. Scout mentions that she and Jem sometimes look back and discuss the events that lead to Jem's injury. The remainder of the novel tells the story leading up to how Jem broke his arm. When Jem's father, Atticus, defends Tom Robinson in court, he destroys Bob Ewell's reputation. Bob Ewell, the novel's antagonist, seeks revenge on Atticus. At the end the novel, Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout while they are walking home from the Maycomb Halloween festival. In the midst of the struggle, Jem breaks his arm. Fortunately, the reclusive Boo Radley saves the children by stabbing Bob Ewell and carrying Jem home.

How does color affect temperature? I've looked at every website, and I don't find anything to show which color is the hottest.

The answer depends on whether energy absorbed by an opaque object, or the energy emitted by  an object that is producing light, is being measured.

Visible light is composed of the colors of the rainbow. The acronym ROYBIV Is used to remember these colors in the order that they appear in the rainbow- red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo, and violet. Each color has a unique wavelength and frequency that determines its energy. Energy is directly related to a color’s frequency and inversely related to its wavelength. Because red has the longest wavelength and slowest frequency, it has the least amount of energy. Likewise, because violet has the highest frequency and shortest wavelength, it has the highest energy.

The color that we see is the color that is reflected off of an opaque object. All other colors within the visible spectrum are absorbed by the opaque object. The energy absorbed is transformed into heat energy.

An opaque white object reflects all colors of visible light. Thus, an opaque white object absorbs none of the energy that corresponds the different color’s wavelengths and frequencies. Therefore, opaque items that are white in color tend to have low temperatures.

The opposite is true of opaque black objects. An opaque object that is black absorbs all colors of the visible spectrum. Thus all the energies associated with the colors’ wavelengths and frequencies are absorbed. Therefore, opaque black items are associated with higher temperatures.

Likewise, the temperatures of remaining opaque colors of the rainbow are associated with the sum of the energies of the colors that they absorb.

However, the opposite is true of the light emitted by an object. If a charged particle vibrates fast enough, light will be emitted. Temperature is a reflection of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Therefore, higher temperatures are associated with more vibrations. Since white light reflects all colors of the visible spectrum, it is associated with the highest energy emission. Likewise, because black objects absorb all colors of the visible spectrum, it is associated with the lowest energy emission. This color/temperature relationship enables steelmakers to estimate the temperature range of heated metals based on the colors that they emit. Likewise, the temperatures of stars are also indicative of the colors they emit.

Choose one group to compare and contrast: liberal feminism and socialist feminism, liberal feminism and radical feminism, or socialist feminism and...

In this response, I will compare and contrast liberal and socialist feminism. Liberal feminism acknowledges that women are not treated equally to men in our society. Liberal feminism works to gain more rights for women and believes this can be done within the context of the current economic and political system, without a revolution. Liberal feminists work to change laws that make it difficult for women to achieve equality and advocate for laws that protect and expand women's freedoms. Women such as Hillary Clinton are often held up as examples of liberal feminism: women working for change within the system. Liberal feminism emphasizes individual freedom and choice: if an individual woman wants, for example, to conform to the dictates of the beauty industry and get plastic surgery or breast implants to "improve" her looks, that kind of individual empowerment can be celebrated. At the same time, a woman who decides to reject all make-up or feminine clothing is also encouraged to do her own thing. The liberal feminist movement has been criticized by some for empowering a few women, who then may or may not help poorer women. Is liberal feminism only an elite, upper-middle-class movement or does it help all women?

Socialist feminists don't separate women's equality from the larger issues of radical social and economic change. Women's equality can only come, they maintain, after a revolution replaces the current capitalist economic system with one that abolishes private property and redistributes wealth. The current system, socialists say, will only ever tinker with the condition of women around the edges because capitalism profits too much from women's oppression in everything from the porn industry to paying women less than men on average for the same jobs. Capitalism, the socialist feminists argue,  supports a "rape culture" that keeps women in their place through fear and intimidation. Only a total economic transformation, they contend, will change this. Many people object, however, to the idea that only socialism can bring about women's equality. 

Why does Oberon take the potion off Titania's eyes?

In William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, many of the conflicts stem from the use of a potion, created from the love-in-idleness flower. Oberon, the faerie king, decides to use this potion on Titania, the faerie queen, out of anger and chastisement. Titania has a beautiful changeling boy who she will not give to Oberon, and so Oberon uses this situation as an opportunity to punish her for not obeying him. 

As a result of the potion, Titania falls madly in love with Bottom, a player wearing an ass' head. In her passion, she no longer cares about the changeling, who she now readily agrees to give to Oberon. Because he has gotten the changeling and because Titania has now been humiliated, Oberon removes the potion so that Titania can, with a clear mind, register her punishment. 

What were the possible reasons for Brown taking such a night's journey?

Young Goodman Brown tells his wife, Faith, that he must go to the forest tonight, that it must be accomplished between "'now and sunrise.'"  After he's left home, he looks back and sees her peering down the road after him, looking sadly, and he feels guilty for leaving her to go on "'such an errand.'"  The narrator describes this errand as his "present evil purpose," and such a description makes it sound as though Brown has had other evil purposes in the past.  Further, he clearly seems to know the old man he meets in the forest, and this would indicate that he has met him before. 

It seems as though Brown's intention is to commit some sin, some transgression for the last time, as his own admission is that "'after this one night, [he'll] cling to [Faith's] skirts and follow her to Heaven.'"  He seems to be aware that he will commit some sin in the forest because he intends to be good, so to speak, starting tomorrow.  Whatever this sin is, it is never explicitly stated, but we get quite a few hints that this was his plan when he left home.

Why do the men not want Hamlet to go with the ghost alone?

The problem with a ghost in Shakespeare's Hamlet is that while it may actually be the benign spirit of the departed King, it might also be some kind of evil fiend or spirit. When Hamlet decides he will view the ghost and see if it speaks to him, he states:

If it assume my noble father's person,

I'll speak to it, though hell itself should gape

This suggests a second worry. Shakespeare and his audience were Christian, as was Hamlet. Ghosts and other supernatural phenomena were suspected by Christians of this period to be instruments of the Devil, and thus speaking to the ghost might be to risk one's immortal soul. 

The other issue, which Horatio states, is that the ghost might harm Hamlet:

What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,

Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff

... [or] deprive your ... reason

And draw you into madness?

Essentially, Marcellus and Horatio both think the ghost untrustworthy. Although they consider that it might actually be Hamlet's father, they worry that it might be an evil spirit assuming his form or it might be a spirit so changed by death as to have become evil. Another possibility is that regardless of the intent of the ghost, any contact with it might drive Hamlet mad.

`a_n = 3 - 4(n - 2)` Write the first 5 terms of the sequence. Determine whether the dequence is arithmetic. If so, then find the common...

The given formula of nth term of a sequence is:

`a_n = 3-4(n-2)`

To solve for the first five terms of a sequence, plug-in the following values of n to the formula.

For the first term, plug-in n=1.

`a_1=3-4(1-2) = 7`

For the second term, plug-in n=2.

`a_2=3-4(2-2)=3`

For the third term, plug-in n=3.

`a_3=3-4(3-2)=-1`

For the second term, plug-in n=4.

`a_4=3-4(4-2)=-5`

And for the fifth term, plug-in n=5.

`a_5=3-4(5-2)=-9`

Therefore, the first five terms of the sequence are a_n={7, 3, -1, -5, -9,...}.

To determine if it is an arithmetic sequence, subtract a pair of terms. The pair  should be consecutive terms. If there is a common difference, then it is an arithmetic sequence.

`d= a_2-a_1 = 3-7=-4`

`d=a_3-a_2=-1-3=-4`

`d=a_4-a_3=-5-(-1)=-4`

`d=a_5-a_4=-9-(-5)=-4`

Thus, the given `a_n` is an arithmetic sequence and its common difference between consecutive terms is -4.

Scrooge asks the spirit to show him tenderness connected to a death. What does the spirit show him?

After the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows Scrooge the scene with the thieves who have callously stolen possessions from the dead man's home, even including the shirt he was laid out in (!!), he asks to be shown someone who feels some emotion as a result of this death.  The spirit then shows him a young couple who feels relieved, even happy, that the man has died because it means that they will have longer to repay the loan they received from him, a loan which they knew he would never extend.  Thus, from a scene of dispassion, to a scene of relative happiness, Scrooge asks for tenderness connected with any death, and the spirit shows him the Crachit family after Tiny Tim dies. 

The sight of the Crachits mourning Tim really contrasts with what Scrooge saw before: here's this small child who's lived a relatively short amount of time, and he's had such a major effect on his family -- he is loved for his goodness and his generosity of spirit.  As opposed to Tiny Tim, however, the first man lived a relatively long life and it seems that the only happiness he's brought anyone is in his death.  The juxtaposition of these three scenes throws the worthlessness of Scrooge's own life thus far into sharp relief.

In "Shooting an Elephant," what stylistic devices does George Orwell use?

In "Shooting An Elephant," Orwell uses a number of stylistic devices to highlight his key message about imperialism. Metaphors, for example, are employed by Orwell when he is describing the pressure he faced to shoot the elephant:

I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind.

In this metaphor, Orwell likens himself to a puppet which illustrates his feeling of powerlessness in the decision to shoot the elephant.

Similarly, Orwell uses symbols, like the elephant, to highlight the brutal and oppressive nature of British imperialism. Playing football is another important symbol: it represents the imposition of British culture on the Burmese people.

Finally, Orwell uses similes to enhance his description of the story's events. Phrases like "thick blood welled out of him like red velvet" and "he seemed to tower upward like a huge rock toppling" create a strong image in the reader's mind while enabling the reader to see the elephant through Orwell's eyes: that is, as a harmless animal which did not deserve to be shot. 

Can you summarize Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "The Singers"?

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow writes about Christian virtues in his poem “The Singers.” He explains that God sent his singers with messages that will touch the hearts of men.

Using a lyre as his instrument, the first singer is young and full of energy, wandering freely with youthful exuberance. His charming music speaks of living the life of your dreams.

The second singer is middle-aged as indicated by his “bearded face.” He sings in a more settled place, the marketplace. In his second stage of life, this singer brings strength.

Finally, the third singer is a wise, older man whose job it is to teach. The poem tells us that he is in a cathedral where the organ plays.

When people squabble over which singer is the most relevant, God speaks and tells them that each singer has a purpose. The youth is sent to “charm.” The middle-aged singer’s job is to “strengthen” and the third is sent to “teach.”

But the great Master said, "I see

No best in kind, but in degree;

I gave a various gift to each,

To charm, to strengthen, and to teach."

The poem alludes to singers creating perfect harmony with their voices and musical accompaniment. In the final stanza, Longfellow has God explain the importance of all three messages to create “perfect harmony.”  

In chapter 1 of The Witch of Blackbird Pond, what is the retelling of the longboat trip from the perspective of Goodwife Cruff?

After a long journey aboard the ship the Dolphin, Kit requested that she be allowed to ride on the longboat to go ashore to the town of Saybrook.  She was eager to set foot on dry land, if only for a short while.  A longboat went ashore to fetch supplies before the ship continued up the river to Wethersfield.  The boat picked up the supplies, as well as a few new passengers on their way up the river.  Goodwife Cruff, her husband, and young daughter, Prudence, were among the passengers.  On the boat ride back, Prudence dropped her beloved wooden doll into the water.  The child was devastated and Kit was moved with compassion.  As the doll floated away, Kit dove into the icy cold water to go after it.  The passengers on the longboat thought that she might drown before they realized she could swim.  They thought that Kit was foolish for going into the water.  Goodwife Cruff was not appreciative, and instead viewed Kit with disdain.  She addressed Kit with anger.  "'You must be daft... to jump into the river a ruin those clothes!'"  She also thought it suspicious that Kit, a young lady, should know how to swim.

To retell this from the perspective of Goodwife Cruff, think about her as a character.  She is stern, disapproving, and unappreciative of Kit's kindness in saving her daughter's toy.  She views Kit with suspicion.  

When you retell this scene, you will want to explain why Goodwife Cruff was on the longboat and then describe what happened with Kit jumping into the water from her perspective.  You could use some key words to describe the situation, such as "foolish" or "strange" when telling it from Goodwife Cruff's perspective.

What was life like in the support trench in World War One?

The support trench which was built behind the front trench (attack trench) held men and supplies for those engaged in combat. Trenches built by the Allies were not as sophisticated as those built by the Germans. The Allies built open-air trenches which exposed the men to harsh weather conditions. This made it difficult for men to live within these types of trenches.

On the other hand, German trenches were equipped with living quarters. These quarters had electricity, toilets and beds. The quarters provided some level of comfort and served as shields from harsh weather conditions. German trenches were more comfortable compared to those of the Allies. However, it was noted that both the trenches were unhygienic. The men had limited access to water, which made bathing an expensive luxury.

The men were exposed to rats and lice, both of which spread deadly diseases such as the infamous Trench Fever. Flooding in the trenches submerged the soldiers’ feet leading to infections such as Trench Foot, which led to numerous amputations. Thus, soldiers were forced to not only contend with the danger posed by the enemy, but also the conditions in the trenches.

What changes are seen in Lady Macbeth in act 3 scene 2?

In Act 3, scene 2 of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth begin to be afraid and unhappy about Macbeth's murder of Duncan. She says at the beginning of the scene: "Naught's had, all's spent/Where our desire is got without consent/'Tis safer to be that which we destroy/Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy" (lines 6-9). In other words, she and Macbeth have gained nothing, or naught, when they have spent or risked all to kill Duncan, as their "desire," or Macbeth's attainment of the crown, is achieved through wrong means. She thinks it safer to be like the dead king than to live with "doubtful joy," or a troubled existence. 

By this point in the play, she is clearly regretting the doubt and uncertainly in which she and her husband must live after the regicide. However, she has not yet become insane, and, later in the scene, she instructs her husband to pretend everything is normal, even though he is also starting to be afraid. Macbeth is frightened that Banquo knows he has killed the king, and Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to "sleek o'er your rugged looks. Be bright and jovial/Among your guests tonight" (lines 31-32). In other words, she instructs him to neaten himself up and act happy when people come to the castle that night. Macbeth is already plotting to kill Banquo, but he does not tell Lady Macbeth at this point. Instead, he says, "Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck,/Till thou applaud the deed" (lines 51-52). In other words, he says that she won't know what he's planning until she sees Banquo is dead at his hand. At this point in the play, Lady Macbeth is turning to doubt, but she has not lost her mind yet. 

Why can't people have "stirrings" in Jonas's society?

There is no explicit reason given; however, we can deduce the answer to this based on other things we know about the society.

We know that the stirrings are closely regulated by the community. In Ch. 5 Jonas gets his first stirrings when he has a dream about his friend, Fiona. His mother asks him to stay home a few minutes longer that morning than he normally would and she explains that he is ready to begin taking the pills that will stop the stirrings. Jonas was not very familiar with stirrings or what exactly they meant. All he knew is that they were to be reported immediately so people could begin "treatment." This indicates that the stirrings are seen as something "wrong" and treatable.

"He remembered that there was a reference to the Stirrings in the Book of Rules, though he didn't remember what it said" (Ch. 5).

All we know is that in his dream, Jonas and Fiona are in the House of the Old standing by a bathtub and he is bare chested and she is laughing at him. He is a little angry at her because "she isn't taking me seriously." He was apparently trying to convince her to take her clothes off and get into the bath tub so he could bathe her. The best way he can describe his feelings in this dream are "wanting." 

If the "Stirrings" are sexual desires, we can see why the community would want to keep these controlled. The Elders assign spouses and family units. Individuals do not get to choose their partners, and so there is no point in having sexual feelings which might cause them to be attracted to one another.

We also know that families to do not naturally procreate and have their own children. They are given children who are born from birthmothers, whom they never meet. Therefore we can assume that husbands and wives do not have sex and are not supposed to.

So, we can assume that the stirrings are closely regulated to prevent individuals from having sex with one another, choosing partners based on those "Stirrings," and procreating. All of those factors must be controlled by the community. 

What has Abigail done to Parris?

In Act Four, Reverend Parris arrives at the jail because several prisoners are to be hanged that morning.  We can tell, immediately, that this is a changed man from the one we knew a few months ago (in Act Three).  Miller describes him as "gaunt, frightened, and sweating in his greatcoat."  Even Danforth can see that he is troubled, and so Parris confesses to him that Abigail, his niece, has vanished.  Three nights ago, she said she was sleeping at Mercy Lewis's house, but Mercy told her father that she was sleeping at Abigail's.  Further, last night, Parris says that he discovered that Abigail had broken into his strongbox and stolen his life's savings: thirty one pounds.  Thus, she's robbed him and is likely far away now, on a ship.  (Parris says that Betty had heard Abigail talking about ships the week before.)

What are the second set of prophecies given to Macbeth?

In Act IV, Scene 1, Macbeth meets with the witches again. This time they have their "masters" give him some new prophecies. The first master appears as an apparition (an armed head) and Macbeth tries to command the apparition to speak. The first witch says the ghost knows what Macbeth is thinking and will respond without being prompted. This first apparition tells Macbeth to beware Macduff. Macbeth tries to get more out of the apparition but that is all he will get. 

The second apparition appears and says that "no one of woman born" can harm Macbeth. At first, Macbeth thinks this means he can let Macduff live. But then he says he will kill Macduff just to be sure. (Still, Macbeth does and will not foresee that Macduff's Cesarean birth eliminates him from the category "of woman born." 

The third apparition tells Macbeth that he will never be defeated unless Great Birnam Wood (the forest) would come to Dunsinane Castle against Macbeth. 

Lastly, a parade of ghosts appear as kings with Banquo at the end. This suggests that Banquo's descendants will be kings. 

What are some quotes from the novel To Kill A Mockingbird that describe what the courtroom looks like?

In Chapter 16, Scout gives a description of what it is like in the courtroom. The courtroom was on the second floor of the Maycomb County Courthouse which resembled a Victorian building. The courtroom is packed with spectators to witness the Tom Robinson trial. Jem, Scout, and Dill cannot find a seat in the lower section of the courtroom where the white spectators sit. The children sneak into the "Colored" balcony section to witness Atticus defend Tom Robinson. Scout says, "The Colored balcony ran along three walls of the courtroom like a second-story veranda, and from it we could see everything." (Lee 219) Reverend Sykes was kind enough to find the children seats where they could view the proceedings. Scout says, "the jury sat to the left, under long windows." (Lee 219) Later on in the trial, when Tom Robinson says Mayella hugged him around the waist, the courthouse overhead lights come on as Judge Taylor slams his gavel. These windows must have been pretty large to light the courthouse until sundown. Scout says, "there was a railing that divided the spectators from the court, the witnesses sat on cowhide-bottomed chairs." (Lee 220) She also says, "The witness stand was to the right of Judge Taylor." (Lee 221) When the children finally get settled in their seats, Mr. Heck Tate, the first witness, is on the stand.

What is Juliet's reaction to the news of Tybalt's death and Romeo's banishment?

Although your initial question did not specify to which news Juliet was reacting, one assumes that the question refers to the death of Tybalt and the banishment of Romeo, as this is the biggest news Juliet faces over the course of the play.

Initially, Juliet has a harsh reaction toward Romeo, calling him a host of names and stating that his actions toward her were deceiving.  However, when the Nurse echoes her sentiments, she changes her tune.  After all, Romeo is her husband.  As she states, she should not "speak ill of him that is [her] husband" (Act 3, Scene 2, line 98).

Once she has cycled through these initial reactions, she comes to see Romeo's banishment, as Romeo does, as a fate worse than death.  It is this sentiment that prompts her to seek out the friar for help.

How is it possible for a parent to carry a gene for a genetic disorder and not know they possess this gene?

A carrier is an individual that carries and is capable of passing on a genetic disorder. However, a carrier may or may not display symptoms of the disorder. This may be because the disorder carried by the individual is a recessive trait.

Many human genes are composed of two alleles. Alleles are varieties of genes. Alleles can be dominant or recessive. A dominant allele is the “stronger” variety of a gene. A recessive allele is the “weaker” variety of the gene.

A genotype is the genetic combination of alleles that an individual has for a trait. Phenotypes are the physical representation of a genotype. Because dominant alleles are “stronger” than recessive alleles, only one dominant allele is needed to produce a dominant phenotype, while two recessive alleles are needed to produce a recessive phenotype.

Genotypes can be homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive. Homozygous dominant genotypes have two dominant alleles and will show the dominant phenotype. A heterozygous genotype has one dominant and one recessive allele. Since a heterozygous genotype contains a dominant allele, it will show the dominant phenotype. Homozygous recessive genotypes contain two recessive alleles. Having a homozygous recessive genotype is the only way an individual can show the recessive phenotype. Many genetic disorders are from recessive alleles, so if the parent is heterozygous, they may not know they possess the gene that carries the disorder.

 

`(v*u) - (w*v)` Use the vectors `u = `, and `v = `, and `w = lt3, -1gt` to find the indicated quantity. State whether the result is a vector or a...

The expression is a difference of two dot products, it is a scalar.

For two vectors `ltx_1,y_1gt` and `ltx_2,y_2gt` their dot product is `x_1*x_2+y_1*y_2.`

In this case

`v*u-w*v = v*u-v*w=v*(u-w) =`

`=lt-4,2gt*(lt3,3gt - lt3,-1gt)= lt-4,2gt*lt0,4gt = 8.`

This is the answer.

In the "Pit and the Pendulum," what do you learn about the narrator from the way he describes his reaction to the sentence?

For me, based on the narrator's reaction to his death sentence, I've always thought that the narrator is innocent.  If he were guilty, I would assume that his reaction would have been a reaction of resignation.  He did the crime, got caught, and is now being given a punishment that he accepts.  That isn't the case though.  The narrator "swoons."  He is utterly despondent.  It feels as if he can barely stand.  Like the entire room is spinning.  That tells me that the narrator assumed that he would be found innocent.  He never thought that he could possibly be found guilty.  

The other thing that I learn about the narrator is that he is likely a man of faith.  Either he believes in God and salvation to his very core, or he is at least educated enough to know about God's salvation and eternal life.  

And then there stole into my fancy, like a rich musical note, the thought of what sweet rest there must be in the grave. The thought came gently and stealthily, and it seemed long before it attained full appreciation;

I believe the above lines of text indicate that the narrator sees death as more than just a release from his prison sentence and any torture that may be coming.  I believe the narrator sees his death as an eternal rest filled with peace in heaven with the angels and God.  As he is swooning, the narrator sees angels in the room with him.  Granted, he is imagining them, but he could have imagined anything.  It's an important detail that he imagined angels of God.  

In which economic system can people own business and make profits?

In a capitalist economic system, people can own businesses and make profits. Our economic system, called the capitalist system, allows people to make decisions with little government interference. For the most part, people are able to make their own business and investment decisions. If these decisions are successful, people can make a lot of money. The incentive for taking risks and developing businesses is that people can make significant profits if they are successful in their business activity.

The potential for profits and the freedom from many government rules and controls separate our economic system from a communist economic system. In the communist economic system, the government makes many decisions and establishes many rules and regulations. This tends to discourage taking risks and the development of new businesses. There is little incentive to take risks because of the numerous government controls.

Thus, the capitalist system allows for businesses to make significant profits if the businesses are successful in what they do.

Two satellite are at different height (smaller and larger) from the surface of Earth. Which would have greater velocity?

I suppose that both satellites have circle orbits, not general elliptic. In this case their speeds are constants throughout entire path around Earth.

In this partial case Kepler's Third law states that for different (small) bodies orbiting the same planet (Earth in our problem) the expression `P^2/a^3` has the same value. Here `P` is an orbital period of a body and `a` is a distance from a planet's center. Speed is obviously `(2 pi a)/P.`

Therefore `P_1^2/a_1^3 = P_2^2/a_2^3,`  or  `P_2/P_1=(a_2/a_1)^(3/2).`  Speeds are `V_1=(2 pi a_1)/P_1`  and  `V_2=(2 pi a_2)/P_2,`  and

`V_1/V_2 = (a_1/P_1)/(a_2/P_2)=a_1/a_2*P_2/P_1 = a_1/a_2*(a_2/a_1)^(3/2) = (a_1/a_2)^(-1/2).`

So if  `a_1gta_2,` then `V_1<V_2.`

The answer we obtained is: the more the satellite's distance from Earth's surface (and therefore from Earth's center), the less its speed. Although period is still greater for a more distant satellite.

What are two problems and solutions in chapters 6-10?

First, in chapter six, Matt wanted to repay Saknis for his care and provisions while taking care of him. The problem he faced was he had nothing to give Saknis but a book that the Indians could not read. Since it would help Saknis if his grandson Attean could read English, Matt agreed that he would repay him by teaching Attean to read.

A second problem occured in chapter seven. Attean arrived for his reading lesson but learning the alphabet one letter at a time proved too frustrating for Attean. The lesson abruptly ended. Matt solved the problem the next time that Attean arrived. In chapter eight, Matt started a lesson by capturing Attean's attention reading "Robinson Crusoe" to him. This solved Matt's problem of how to teach Attean to read.

Another problem occurred in chapter ten when the boys were fishing. Matt could not fish with the spear Attean gave him and used his hook. However, the hook broke off and was lost. Attean solved the problem of the lost hook by teaching Matt how to make hooks from twigs.