What procedures were used at the Constitutional Convention?

The Constitutional Convention was a very important event in our history. It was here that our current plan of government was developed. We know that twelve states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Only Rhode Island didn’t send delegates. We know a lot about what happened at the Constitutional Convention because of the notes that James Madison took at the convention.

There were several procedures that were followed. One procedure was that delegates would work in private. The delegates agreed the meetings that took place wouldn’t be open to the public. They believed they should complete their work and then present the final document to the American people and to the state governments. They didn’t want bits and pieces of legislation to leak out. To keep information from getting out, they didn’t even open the windows in Independence Hall. We also know that delegates agreed that votes that were taken weren’t binding. Thus, if they made an agreement early in the convention and later realized that agreement had flaws, they could go back and revise the earlier agreement.

Overall, there were over 20 rules the delegates agreed to follow. To see the complete list, click here. There were many procedures followed at the Constitutional Convention.

What is the plot diagram of the story of Edgar Allan Poe "The Black Cat?"

In the exposition of "The Black Cat," the unreliable narrator lays down some things he feels readers should know about the story and himself as a person. He says that he has been known since childhood for the "docility and humanity of [his] disposition" and has in fact been teased by peers for how tender-hearted he is. He also loves animals and he and his wife have had many, but none that he loved more than his black cat Pluto.

Now the events of the rising action start to unfold. The narrator begins drinking too much, causing him to inflict violence on his wife and pets. Eventually he even hurts his beloved Pluto. At one point the narrator grabs Pluto, thinking the cat has been avoiding him, and Pluto bites his hand in fear. The narrator takes a penknife and cuts out one of Pluto's eyes, then hangs him in the neighbor's garden.

This is where the story is harder to plot, as it could be said to have two climaxes. In climax one, there is a fire in the narrator's house the night after he kills Pluto. He loses everything, and the only wall left standing has the image of a hanged cat on it. More rising action events happen: the narrator and his wife get a new cat, who is missing an eye and has markings that look like a gallows on its breast. The cat is very affectionate, which the narrator comes to despise, feeling that the cat has some sort of revenge plot.

In climax two, the narrator nearly trips on the cat one day and tries to kill it with an ax. His wife prevents him, so he kills her instead.

During the events of the falling action, the narrator buries his wife in the cellar walls. The cat has vanished, which pleases the narrator. Eventually the police come and search the house.

At the resolution of the story, the man's crimes are reveal. Leading the police through their search of the house, he raps on the wall where his wife is buried with his cane (through guilt? or hubris?). Immediately there is a scream and, when they tear down the wall, the police discover the wife's body and the black cat, alive. The narrator is hauled off to jail, where he writes this story, the night before he is set to be executed.

In Guns, Germs, and Steel, how does Jared Diamond differentiate between the "four factors" of acceptance and the "laundry list" of factors?

This question appears to refer to Chapter 13 in Guns, Germs, and Steel.  This chapter, entitled “Necessity’s Mother,” looks at why some societies seem to innovate more than others.  About midway through the chapter, on p. 249, Diamond begins to set out a “laundry list” of 14 factors that, he says, have been offered as reasons why some societies are more innovative than others.  However, Diamond these suggested factors.  Later, at the end of the chapter, he offers four factors that, in his mind, really determine which areas of the world got technology and which did not.  He differentiates between the two by saying that the laundry list is, at best, a list of proximate causes while the four factors that he identifies are ultimate causes.

Throughout this book, Diamond tries to determine the ultimate causes behind various phenomena. He does not think that it is all that helpful to know what the proximate causes are if you cannot identify the ultimate causes.  That is why, for example, he is not satisfied with saying that “guns, germs, and steel” allowed Europeans to dominate the world.  Instead, he wants to know why the Europeans had those things while other people did not.

After discussing all the factors on the “laundry list,” Diamond says on p. 251 that

all of these proximate explanations bypass the question of the ultimate factors behind them.

He is saying that the laundry list only includes proximate causes and that we should, instead, look for ultimate causes.  At the end of the chapter, he identifies four ultimate causes.  On p. 263, he says that “area, population, ease of diffusion, and onset of food production” were the factors that ultimately determined which areas became technologically advanced and which did not.

Thus, Diamond differentiates between the laundry list of proximate causes and the four more ultimate causes that led some areas of the world to innovate more than others.

What is the introduction in The Old Man and the Sea?

The story of The Old Man and the Sea begins by giving us the setting. Santiago fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. The fact that we are given a specific number shows us that he has been counting. Manolin was fishing with him until day 40, when his parents ordered him to switch boats because they deemed Santiago unlucky, or salao. It describes Santiago as a tanned, weathered old man with cheerful eyes. Manolin reaffirms his faith in Santiago, and assures him that he would rather be fishing with him.

The two of them go to the Terrace where the other fishermen are to have a beer and talk. Some react respectfully to Santiago, while others make fun of him. Manolin relives some old memories of fishing with Santiago when he was five years old. Manolin helps Santiago carry the gear, and they go to the old man's home and discuss baseball. Later, Manolin will return to bring Santiago dinner. Since Santiago has not caught any fish in 84 days, he cannot afford to eat, but Manolin helps him out with respect and sensitivity.

The beginning of the book focuses on Santiago and Manolin's close relationship, and their caring for one another. It also explains and emphasizes the need for Santiago to catch a fish, not only to support himself, but also to restore his pride in his own abilities and his reputation among the other fishermen.

What three improvements in rail travel were introduced in the late 1800s?

There were several improvements in rail travel in the late 1800s. Rail travel had been growing throughout the 1800s. With the improvements made in train travel in the late 1800s, train travel became even more popular.

One improvement was the use of the identical track. Individual railroad companies used to have their own tracks, which weren’t standardized. This slowed train travel when passengers had to switch trains to accommodate the different kinds of tracks that were being used.

Another improvement was the use of the double track. This allowed trains to pass each other, side by side. Before double tracks were used, when two trains were approaching on the same track, one had to back up and move to a side track to let the other train pass. This slowed travel significantly. Thus, with the use of the double track, the speed of train travel improved.

The coordination of schedules also helped. With the development of time zones in 1883, all the cities in a given time zone had the same time. This allowed for train schedules to be better coordinated, allowing for shorter layovers and, therefore, a quicker trip.

Inventions like the coupler and the air brake also improved train travel. It was quicker and easier to attach extra train cars with the coupler. The air brake made it easier to stop a train.

The improvements in rail travel in the late 1800s helped make train travel more popular.

In "Three Men in a Boat," why could George never learn to play the banjo?

We encounter references to George’s banjo in several chapters. In Chapter XIV, we are finally told that George can get some music out of it. Montmorency the dog howls along with his plucking. But the sound gives Harris a headache – or at least, that’s what he claims. So George is forced to stop and to delay his lessons. He vows to learn more about playing the banjo only after he gets back home from the trip. But according to the narrator, this plan doesn’t succeed, either. His landlord complains about the sound in the house. George tries to practice the banjo in a public square instead, and he gets into trouble with the local police as a result. Everyone seems to be conspiring against him, in this effort. He later sells the instrument and decides to learn card tricks instead. Yet, before that happens: in the final chapter of the book, George is able to render a version of the song “Two Lovely Black Eyes.” Harris and J. are moved to tears by it.

Why is young Gillian called the "black sheep" of the family?

Young Gillian actually labels himself the "black sheep" because he does not value money, nor does he work; instead, he lives off the allowance that his uncle affords him.

After his uncle dies, the law firm of Tolman & Sharp summons Gillian in order to provide him $1000 with the instructions that he must spend it and provide an accounting for this expenditure. Gillian finds the money "a confoundedly awkward amount" and has difficulty deciding how to spend it. So, after asking Old Bryson at the men's club, a cab driver, and a blind man, as well as suggesting a diamond pendant for his favorite actress, Gillian has but one last idea. With this he hurries to his uncle's house where his ward, Miss Hayden, resides. 

When he enters the library in which Miss Hayden sits writing letters, he tells her that his uncle had a codicil to his will in which he willed her a thousand dollars. Since he "was driving up" anyway, he explains, he decided to bring it to her. "Oh!" Miss Hayden exclaims in surprise, and Gillian declares his love for her. But, as she takes the money, Miss Hayden declines his declaration of love, saying, "I'm sorry." So, Gillian asks if he can write a note, and he retires to a desk in order to write out his accounting of the expenditure of the $1000:

Paid by the black sheep, Robert Gillian, $1000 on account of the eternal happiness, owed by Heaven to the best and dearest woman on Earth.

With this act of unselfish love, Gillian proves the irony of his being termed a "black sheep." Further, when he learns that he will receive more money for having dispensed of the $1000 in an altruistic gesture, Gillian tears up this note so that he will have none of "the qualifications that deserve reward" and thereby retain his truly undeserved label of "black sheep."

This ironic reversal to O. Henry's story demonstrates that there is only superficial truth to the reputation Gillian has of being a black sheep, and not caring about how much of his uncle's money he spends. Rather, he simply does not care whether he has money or not; he is completely unmaterialistic.

What is Arthur Miller saying about the dangers of sensationalism in the play The Crucible?

Miller is arguing that people get carried away and lose their sense of reason and right and wrong.

In the play, a few young girls turn everyone’s lives upside down when they are caught dancing in the woods.  Before you know it, their simple lie, designed to save themselves, has turned into hysteria.  People actually believe there are witches among them, even though there is no actual evidence.

Proctor, who is caught up in the problem when his wife is accused by a girl he had an affair with, explains it best.

I‘ll tell you what‘s walking Salem—vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! This warrant‘s vengeance; I will not give my wife to vengeance! (Act 2)

Good people who have done nothing wrong are being accused of witchcraft.  Sometimes it is just because someone needs a name, but often it is because someone has a grievance against someone.  They use the court to get revenge on someone they feel has wronged them.

The fact that such horrible things can happen in the name of God is ironic.  The people have grown so afraid of God and the Devil that they are willing to kill each other.  However, the main reason it is allowed to happen is because they let it.  They allow fanatics to guide them, such as Danforth.

Now, children, this is a court of law. The law, based upon the Bible, and the Bible writ by Almighty God, forbid the practice of witchcraft, and describe death as the penalty thereof. (Act 3)

Even while other towns come to their senses and disband their courts, Salem persists.  It is caught up in a mass delusion, and the hysteria is self-perpetuating.  The people are afraid, and out of fear they go along with it.  People confess who are not guilty (of course no one is actually guilty), and they are caught in a trap.  If you confess you are saying you are guilty, and if you don’t confess you are assumed to be guilty.

Arthur Miller was caught up in the mania of McCarthyism because he was accused of being a communist.  In order to send a message, he later wrote this play to demonstrate the real danger of a witch hunt.  He used an actual historical event: The Salem Witch Trials.

Using textual evidence, why does Bud not let people call him Buddy?

In Chapter 5, Bud is reminiscing about his mother and says that she always had four things to tell him. The first being about the picture of her looking unhappy while sitting on a midget horse. The picture of Bud's mother is one of the several items he carries in his suitcase. Bud says that his mother was unhappy in the photo because her father made her wear the man's filthy hat. The second thing his mother would always tell him had to do with his name. She told Bud never to let anyone call him any name other than Bud. She tells Bud specifically never to let anyone call him Buddy. Bud's mother says that Buddy is a dog's name, and she wasn't stupid when she named him Bud. Bud's mother says that if anyone calls him Buddy they are being false-friendly. She would always ask him if he knew what a "bud" is. He would tell her that a bud is a flower-to-be. A bud is a flower-in-waiting that will sprout at just the right time. Bud's mother compares her son to a flower preparing to bloom and tells him that he will unfold and be seen by the world when he grows up. Bud's name has particular significance and parallels his life journey.

What is a summary of Chapters 21 & 22 of Pollyanna?

Chapter 21-

Pollyanna is leaving John Pendleton's house and runs into Nancy, who makes her feel guilty for worrying her aunt. Pollyanna worries that her aunt no longer wants her around, but Nancy admits that is not so. Pollyanna rushes back to John Pendleton's house and tells him she has decided to stay with Aunt Polly. Pendleton is upset and reminds Pollyanna that she will be poor and that he does not donate to "heathens." She is excited that his money will all go to "Jimmy Bean," who she says is the poor person the Ladies Aid speaks of.

Chapter 22-

Rev. Paul Ford is wandering through the Pendleton woods and worrying about the impending demise of his church. He wonders whether he should give a fiery sermon to his parishioners about hypocrisy. Pollyanna comes along and worries about his sad state. She reminds him of the Psalms and tells him of the Glad Game. The Reverend goes home and reads a magazine, which tells a story about a son filling a woodbox. He writes notes for a new sermon on being glad to do the Lord's work, and it is a great success.

Who was Thomas Edison ?

There were many famous American inventors. Thomas Edison was one of them. Most people are familiar with Edison’s invention of the light bulb and the phonograph. However, he also invented other products, such as an improved stock ticker, and he had patents on many other items.

Edison’s early years in school were difficult ones. He barely attended public school. He had much difficulty in his short time in the public school and was basically homeschooled by his mother who was a teacher.

At a very young age, Edison had the entrepreneurial spirit. He published a newspaper that was very popular with his readers because it had up-to-date articles. He also worked as a telegrapher before devoting his life to working on developing inventions.

Edison eventually developed his own company called the Edison Illuminating Company. Today, we recognize that company by the name of General Electric.

Thomas Edison was a well-known inventor who developed many useful products including the light bulb and the phonograph.

Find the effective annual interest rate of the 7 % annual interest rate compounded quarterly. Round your answer to the nearest 0.01%

Hello!

There are 4 quarters in a year, so compounding occurs 4 times, and the quarterly rate is 1/4 of the (stated) annual rate.

After these 4 quarters, an initial amount of money `x` will be

`x*(1+(7%)/4)^4,`

the profit will be

`x*(1+(7%)/4)^4-x=x*[(1+(7%)/4)^4-1],`

and therefore the effective annual interest rate `e` is

`e=(1+(7%)/4)^4-1.`

Remember that 1% of something is 1/100 of that something, we obtain

`e=[(1+(0.07)/4)^4-1]*100% = [(1+0.0175)^4-1]*100%.`

This is approximately 7.1859%, or 7.19% when rounded to the nearest 0.01% as required.

The answer: the effective annual interest rate is approximately 7.19%.

What are the themes and topics of Sappho's poetry?

The themes and topics of the poems penned by the ancient Greek poetess, Sapphos mainly focused on her personal issues, women, and love. She shied away from writing about Gods or contemporary politics, which were the usual topics of the era.

Sapphos ran a thiasos, which was type of school for young women. Many of her poems revolved around the workings of the group as they learned how to be ardent women. Her poetry spoke of passionate love and was filled with thoughts on how young women should prepare to be wives. Another prominent theme was how women relate to each other. Although she wrote many pieces of poetry, most of them were lost or destroyed. The “Hymn of Aphrodite," which emphasizes the virtues of womanhood, is the only complete poem that exists in its entirety.

Frequent images in Sappho’s poetry include flowers, bright garlands, naturalistic outdoor scenes, altars smoking with incense, perfumed unguents to sprinkle on the body and bathe the hair—that is, all the elements of Aphrodite’s rituals.

Some believe that her topics included lesbianism. The word is derived from the name of the island on which she lived.

How does Judith Butler's gender performativity relate to capitalism and its oppression?

In Gender Trouble, Judith Butler claims that gender is entirely learned. It is not "natural," but cultural. Gender is not a set of traits you are born with, nor is it a set of characteristics innate to a person's genetic makeup. To her, we become "male" or "female" entirely by imitating how other males or females behave. Thus, a child learns to become a girl by performing all the activities her culture has decided are feminine, such as cooking, cleaning and nurturing. She "performs" her gender. Then, after she has performed actions appropriate to her gender in the eyes of her culture, she is praised and her behavior is reinforced: What a sweet little girl! She loves to take care of her doll! This makes the little girl want to take care of her doll all the more, because it pleases the adults in her life. So she becomes more nurturing. When enough little girls become nurturing because this behavior is praised, people say it is "only natural" for girls to be nurturing. It seems as if all little girls are nurturing! It must be inborn! Likewise with boys. If they pick up a stick and battle an imaginary monster, everyone praises them as "all boy," reinforcing their more aggressive, more physical behavior. When enough boys act this way because they have been praised for doing so, it too begins to seem "natural" or genetic. Butler, however, says, no: gender is entirely performative.

Captialist ideology insists that this performed behavior is "inborn," Butler says, to reinforce the idea that dominating women is natural, not socially constructed. It doesn't want people to know they have a choice. Capitalism can more easily exploit women if it can get them to accept that they "naturally" are weaker, less capable of leading, and less capable in general than men. Capitalist society is relieved of the responsibility of treating or educating women as equals if it can shrug its shoulders and say there is nothing it can do because women are born inferior. Butler says this has occurred because capitalism benefits from exploiting women: why would it want to give up all the free and low cost labor women provide because they have been indoctrinated in the belief such work is natural to them? Likewise, since capitalism relies on armies to protect its goods, it benefits if it can get males to believe they "naturally" want to become soldiers, and not question whether this desire is, in fact, learned. 

Where was the United States Constitution written?

The United States Constitution was written in Philadelphia in 1787. It was the product of what became known as the Constitutional Convention, a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen states (Rhode Island did not send delegates). The purpose of this meeting was initially to "revise the Articles of Confederation," but it quickly became clear that many of the central figures at the convention, including James Madison of Virginia, had other ideas. They wanted to replace the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution which placed supreme power in a federal government. This was intended to solve many of the problems they saw stemming from the weakness of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. Along with creating a national government with supremacy over the states, they also established a stronger Congress and a judiciary, along with an independent executive in the form of a President. The Constitution that emerged from these deliberations still had to be approved by nine of the thirteen states before it went into effect, and this did not occur until June of 1788. The final state to ratify, Rhode Island, did so in 1790.

When is email interpersonal communication?

Interpersonal communication is nothing but the exchange of some kind of information (thoughts, ideas, opinions, etc.) between two or more people. Such an exchange of information can happen via a verbal (speech) or even a non-verbal channel (we can get to know about many aspects about the personality of others and even make good guesses about what they might be thinking just by looking at their facial expressions, body posture, hand movements, etc.). 

Interpersonal communication can be direct or mediated. The direct interpersonal communication requires the participants to be present in a face-to-face setting. The mediated interpersonal communication is mediated by technology and can, thus, happen in the absence of a face-to-face setting. Email and telephonic conversations are examples of mediated interpersonal communication. Email communication is usually dyadic, involving only two participants. However, it also possible to mark more than person in the email at a time, in which case it can be called a group communication.

What does Jem say to Scout to keep her playing the "Boo Radley Game" in chapter 4?

The children invented the "Boo Radley Game," which was a dramatization of the Radley family rumors. Scout, Jem, and Dill played this game on summer days. One day, Atticus observed them playing. He questioned what the game was all about. It was clear he was suspicious. He told them he hoped their game had nothing to do with the Radley family. This was not a direct order, so Jem encouraged them to continue playing after Atticus left. Scout was hesitant to play after what their father had said.

Jem was determined that they should play the game. Scout continued to express her doubts about them playing the game, but Jem was forceful with his response:

I was not so sure, but Jem told me I was being a girl, that girls always imagined things, that's why other people hated them so, and if I started behaving like one I could just go off and find some to play with.

Jem associated Scout's desire to obey her father's wishes with the fact that she was a girl. Despite Jem's negativity, Scout was firm. She refused to play anymore.

To what degree is Mr. Loisel also to blame for the misery he endures?

M. Loisel is actually more to blame than his wife for the miseries they suffered during the years it took to pay for the replacement necklace. Many readers have questioned why Mme. Loisel doesn't simply go to her friend Mme. Forestier and tell her the truth, offering to pay for the lost necklace in installments. She would have found out that she only owed her friend about five hundred francs and could have paid her immediately. But M. Loisel has a different idea.

"You must write to your friend," said he, "that you have broken the clasp of her necklace and that you are having it mended. That will give us time to turn round."

She wrote at his dictation.

At the end of a week they had lost all hope. Loisel, who had aged five years, declared:

"We must consider how to replace that ornament."

Without her husband's interference, Mathilde would have had no choice but to go to her friend and confess she had lost her necklace. M. Loisel is concerned about his position at the Ministry of Public Instruction and his future career with the French government. The necklace was lost at the Minister's ball. Since the necklace was not found, there might be rumors that someone attending the ball had stolen the necklace. Others might suspect that the Loisels did not lose the necklace but simply kept it, waiting for enough time to pass to allow them to sell it. The loss might be of sufficient interest to get written about in the newspapers, and M. Loisel could get blamed for creating a public scandal that reflected unfavorably on the Ministry--and the Minister! M. Loisel knows, too, that it was M. Forestier and not his wife who paid for the necklace and M. Forestier they would have to deal with. M. Forestier might suspect them of stealing the necklace. He might be unwilling to accept repayment in installments. He might even go to the police and charge both of them with theft. If this were to happen, M. Loisel's position with the Ministry of Public Instruction would be jeopardized. He might always be suspected of colluding with his wife to steal the diamond necklace. His future career in government service could be badly affected. He can't know for sure what would happen if he were to let his wife tell her friend she had lost her necklace, but he doesn't want to take any chances.

So it is M. Loisel who creates the problems for both himself and his wife. Without her husband's interference, Mathilde would have had no choice but to go to her friend and tell her the truth. Mathilde has no money of her own. She could never borrow the 16,000 francs needed to buy the replacement necklace. She wouldn't even know how to go about raising that amount of money, as her husband managed to do.

Loisel possessed eighteen thousand francs which his father had left him. He would borrow the rest. He did borrow, asking a thousand francs of one, five hundred of another, five louis here, three louis there. He gave notes, took up ruinous obligations, dealt with usurers and all the race of lenders. He compromised all the rest of his life, risked signing a note without even knowing whether he could meet it; and, frightened by the trouble yet to come, by the black misery that was about to fall upon him, by the prospect of all the physical privations and moral tortures that he was to suffer, he went to get the new necklace, laying upon the jeweler's counter thirty-six thousand francs.

Over the succeeding years he had to borrow more money to pay back borrowed money, always with accumulating interest. His wife could never have handled such arrangements, and in those days a woman would have had trouble borrowing any money at all. M. Loisel's fears for his reputation, security, and advancement were largely responsible for the unnecessary misery he had to endure along with his wife.

How do organelles help your body?

Organelles are specialized structures within eukaryotic cells. Each organelle is responsible for a specific function within the cell. For example, mitochondria are responsible primarily for energy production and hence are called the power houses of the cell. A cell is made up of a number of organelles that work together to ensure the survival and functioning of the cell. A tissue consists of a number of cells that are similar in structure and function. An organ (such as the heart, kidneys, etc.) is made up of a number of tissues working towards a common function. An organ system (such as the circulatory system, etc.) is made up of a number of organs that work in conjunction. An organism, such as a human being, consists of a number of organ systems working together to carry out the complex activities of life. Hence, an organism is dependent on the activities of organelle for all its operations starting at the cellular level. 

Hope this helps. 

What are three types of deception in Twelfth Night?

Three deceptions are Viola’s posing as Cesario, Maria’s letter to Malvolio, and the duel.

Clearly the most glaring deception in the play is Viola pretending to be a man.  She decides she wants to intervene in the situation between Olivia and Orsino, and ends up as a member of Orsino’s court.  He confides in her and comes to respect her, but the whole time he has no idea who she really is.

Things get even more complicated when Orsino sends “Cesario” to make his case to Olivia that she should not pine for her brother.  Olivia then falls in love with Cesario!  Viola does not know what to do, because she was supposed to be getting Orsino and Olivia together.  She seems to be the wrench in the plans.

Viola is somewhat impressed by how effectively she has convinced everyone she is a man, but she also feels bad about what she has done.  After all, Olivia has no idea who she really is. Her deceit of Orsino, whom she loves, is bad enough.  She has deceived Olivia too.  Olivia has switched from pining for her brother to pining for Cesario, who can never return her affections. 

What will become of this? As I am man,
My state is desperate for my master's love;
As I am woman,--now alas the day!--
What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe!
O time! thou must untangle this, not I;
It is too hard a knot for me to untie! (Act 2, Scene 2) 

Poor Olivia!  Viola just does not know what to do.  She did not mean to hurt anyone when she entered into the duke’s service.  Yet she has created a situation that seems hopelessly complicated. 

Another deception also involves love, but this one's malice is intentional.  The lords and servants of Olivia’s house seem particularly close, except for Malvolio.  He is the odd man out.  Tired of his chiding, Maria and Sir Toby decide to play a trick on Malvolio.  They convince him that Olivia is in love with him by writing a letter, supposedly in her handwriting. 

… If thou
entertainest my love, let it appear in thy smiling;
thy smiles become thee well; therefore in my
presence still smile, dear my sweet, I prithee.'
Jove, I thank thee: I will smile; I will do
everything that thou wilt have me. (Act 2, Scene 5) 

The trick played on Malvolio is nothing short of cruel.  He may be pedantic and prudish, but he did not deserve to be so mistreated.  It is not enough for them to give him the letter so that he makes a fool of himself with Olivia.  They also convince her that he is mad so he can be locked away, and then use Feste to harass him by making him think he is talking to a priest. 

The servant-lord entourage is up to other tricks when they convince Sir Andrew and Cesario to duel.  Neither of them want to.  Sir Andrew is a coward, and Cesario is a woman!  Yet Sir Toby and Fabian convince each that the other is an audacious fighter, and they must fight for Olivia’s affections. 

SIR TOBY BELCH

Why, then, build me thy fortunes upon the basis of
valour. Challenge me the count's youth to fight
with him; hurt him in eleven places: my niece shall
take note of it; and assure thyself, there is no
love-broker in the world can more prevail in man's
commendation with woman than report of valour.

FABIAN

There is no way but this, Sir Andrew. (Act 3, Scene 2) 

This causes more trouble than they could ever imagine when Antonio shows up thinking that Viola/Cesario is Sebastian!  The duel ends up with Sebastian the one fighting Sir Andrew, and things just go downhill from there.  Sebastian is nothing like Viola.  He is pretty much ready to fight anywhere. 

SIR ANDREW

'Od's lifelings, here he is! You broke my head for
nothing; and that that I did, I was set on to do't
by Sir Toby.

VIOLA

Why do you speak to me? I never hurt you:
You drew your sword upon me without cause;
But I bespoke you fair, and hurt you not. (Act 5, Scene 1)

This is about the time when the game is up.  Eventually they figure out that there are two of them!  By that time, Sebastian has married an unwitting Olivia, who thinks she is marrying Cesario.  Antonio has been arrested, with Sebastian not there to help him. He gave his purse to Sebastian, but tries to get it from Cesario.  Viola’s deception wreaks havoc!

Most of the deception in the play is intended to be harmless.  Viola certainly never meant to hurt anyone by pretending to be Cesario.  Maria and company just thought they would have a little fun with Malvolia, and Sir Toby was just enjoying himself when he spurred Sir Andrew into a duel.  All of the deception, whether for fun or intending to help someone, ended up with unintended consequences.

What does it mean that Macbeth killed the sleep itself in Macbeth?

Macbeth murdered Duncan and the guards as they slept, and now he feels bad about it.

Macbeth is already a bit delusional at this point.  He was nervous about committing the murders, and once he did so he felt guilty.  Macbeth is having delusions because he feels as if the people he murdered are haunting him.

Macbeth thought he heard the men he murdered praying, and he was unable to pray in return.  This makes him think he is damned or cursed.  He also imagined one of the men accusing him.

Methought I heard a voice cry 'Sleep no more!
Macbeth does murder sleep', the innocent sleep,
Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care,
The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course,
Chief nourisher in life's feast,-- (Act 2, Scene 2)

Macbeth will not be sleeping peacefully any time soon.

This is the first time that Macbeth begins to show signs of remorse and paranoia.  His wife tries to comfort him and tell him that it’s nothing, but he is all out of sorts.  She talked him into it, he did it, and now he is really horrified.

Macbeth’s slide into insanity is quick from here.  With each murder he commits he gets worse.  After killing Banquo, Macbeth is convinced that he sees Banquo’s ghost at dinner.  He also wants the witches to tell him what is going to happen and reassure him.  He finds their new prophecies less than satisfying though, because they are contradictory and incomplete.

Macbeth fears that he will be found out.  This is why he kills Banquo, and tries to kill Macduff.  However, his irrational behavior and his killing spree also lead to his wife’s death.  Macbeth is a harbinger of destruction.  He finds that he has to keep going until he destroys himself, or is destroyed.

Is the experience described in Emily Dickinson's "A Narrow Fellow in the Grass" a product of the poet's real life when she was younger? Why or why...

It's difficult to say whether this poem about the experience of coming upon a snake in the grass is actually taken from Emily Dickinson's real life. The poet spent much of her time in seclusion in her home in Amherst, Massachusetts and never traveled. Of course, "a boggy acre" could have been close by her home.

It's also easy to imagine a young Emily walking out in a field when she comes upon the "narrow fellow." It is natural for children to explore the outside world and certainly an unforgettable experience would be discovering a snake winding its way through the grass.

Of course, it's equally easy to imagine that this is all the product of Dickinson's fertile imagination. She read voraciously of English literature, and this poem may have been inspired by a scene from some tale or poem she had perused. After all, the narrator is a boy! Dickinson writes,

"Yet when a boy, and barefoot,

I more than once, at noon, 

Have passed, I thought, a whip-lash

Unbraiding in the sun—

English novels, especially those of Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, Henry Fielding, Charles Dickens and others were often set in the English moors (wetlands). After reading Dickens' Great Expectations, she may have imagined Pip coming across a snake in the moors near the Gargerys' house. The fact that she refers to a boy is evidence enough to prove that the poem might simply be a product of the literary mind of Ms. Emily Dickinson.

What does Amelia want Lyddie to do on the Sabbath in Lyddie?

Amelia wants Lyddie to go to church on the Sabbath. 

For Lyddie, being a factory girl involves a lot of change.  She is not completely under the thumb of her boss, as she was at the tavern, but she does not have complete freedom of operation either.  The factory has many strict rules and expectations for its girls.  The company wants to maintain a good reputation. 

Lyddie reads the rules and regulations for the boarding house and factory, but she learns there are other expectations.  She has to buy a new dress, for one thing, before she can go to the factory.  She also learns that the girls are expected to seem virtuous.  The factory expects them to attend church. 

Lyddie looked up in alarm. Living as far as they had from the village, the Worthens had never even bothered to pay pew rent in the village congregational church. "I-I hadn't thought to go." 

Amelia sighed, reminding Lyddie that she was proving a harder case than the older girl had bargained for. "Oh, but you must," she said. (Ch. 8) 

The girls tell Lyddie that she is expected to attend church, but she can go to any church she chooses.  The company doesn’t care where there go, just that they go.  One of the reasons Lyddie does not want to attend is because she would have to pay collections or pew rent.  Betsy gives Lyddie some advice on where she can go to church inexpensively. 

"They'll probably make you put in an appearance from time to time somewhere. The Methodists don't press girls for pew rent, so if you're short on money, best go there. You have to pay for it in longer sermons, but nonetheless I always recommend the Methodists to new girls with no particular desire to go anywhere." (Ch. 8) 

Lyddie is not used to going to church.  It has not been a part of her lifestyle while isolated on the farm.  She has also never been able to afford it.  The church requirement is just another example of how the factory meddles in the girls’ everyday lives.  It dictates almost every aspect of their existence.

What are the themes of James Clarence Mangan's poems "Time of the Harmed Idea" and "Twenty Golden Years Ago"?

James Clarence Mangan was an Irish poet of some obscurity. He is mostly renowned for "Dark Rosaleen" and "A Vision of Connaught in the Thirteenth Century." 

However, "Twenty Golden Years Ago" is also one of his better-known writings. It is a poem of moderate length that appeals to the wanderings of an older mind. Its theme is one of where thoughts may go in the drearier times of the "winter" of old age. There are thoughts of what was vs. what has become. There are regrets about what one had in youth and did not appreciate. In it, the minstrel contemplates the many places, times, and people that he had and now finds lost to him.

Try as I might, I could not find the poem titled "Time of the Harmed Idea."

How does "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" fit into the literary movement of Realism?

Ambrose Bierce's story, "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," was written in 1890 when American authors were creating works that embraced Realism. Several characteristics of Realism are present in the story, including the characters, settings, point of view, and the outcome. Realistic literature presents characters who are ordinary people involved in the regular activities of life. Peyton Farquhar, the protagonist, is a citizen in the South during the Civil War; he has been captured by Union soldiers and is being hanged for sabotage and possibly murder of a Federal guard. These are realistic actions that a Southern civilian might have taken, and the response by the Union Army is realistic as well. Settings reflecting Realism are true-to-life as well; in this story, the setting is a bridge separating the territory under control of the Union Army from territory recently held by the South. The bridge and countryside and Farquhar's home are all described realistically. Realistic works often use either first person narration or third person limited point of view. This story uses third person limited, which allows us to understand the action from the protagonist's perspective only. An exception is the flashback section, which is told from an omniscient perspective, allowing the reader to know what Farquhar doesn't, namely, that the rider who has come to his home is a Federal scout, not a Confederate soldier as his uniform would suggest. Finally, the outcome of the story's action is the strongest indicator that the story fits the Realism movement. Realistic stories often have unhappy endings; characters typically do not reform or change during the story. Farquhar remains committed to life, escape, and the Confederate cause throughout the story; in no sense does he exhibit regret for his "crimes" that have brought the noose around his neck. Beyond that, however, is the realistic outcome of the hanging. Farquhar, despite his imaginary escape, dies at the end of the rope, swinging "beneath the timbers of the Owl Creek bridge." The fantastical escape Bierce treats readers to remains just that: the terminal fantasy of a condemned man. In this way, Bierce even enters the subgenre of "psychological realism," whereby he seeks to access the inner workings of a person's mind in a true-to-life fashion. "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" definitely fits nicely into the Realism movement of American literature. 

What do the neighbors suggest the father should do to fix his son in the short story "Marriage Is a Private Affair"?

The title of Chinua Achebe's short story "Marriage Is a Private Affair" is an example of verbal irony. The marriage of Nnaemeka and Nene is the direct opposite of private. It is debated in Nnaemeka's childhood village and among the Ibo who live and work in Lagos, and so the idea of "fixing" Nnaemeka is discussed. In the village, the Ibo men sympathize with Okeke's position and agree that his son has betrayed him by marrying outside their ethnic group. One man cites the Bible, saying, "Sons shall rise against their Fathers," and a man named Madubogwu suggests that Nnaemeka must be sick. The man tells Okeke that he should consult a native doctor. He claims that Nnaemeka's mind is diseased and what he needs is an herbal medicine called "Amalile." The medicine is used to bring "straying" husbands back to their wives. Okeke rejects the idea and indicates that Nnaemeka is free to do what he wants. Even though Okeke can sometimes be entrenched in the old ways, he is often more progressive than his "superstitious neighbors." He eventually disowns his son for eight years, but Achebe hints that the relationship may be resumed after Okeke learns that Nnaemeka has two sons from the marriage.

How does Ralph represent common sense?

Ralph is the one who insists upon keeping the fire going. He knows this is their best chance to be spotted and potentially rescued. Ralph also is the one who keeps reminding the other boys the importance of building the shelters. Only Piggy and Simon fully support him in these two necessities. 

Ralph stands in contrast to Jack who is more interested in hunting. There is the logical (common sense) fact that having meat is a necessity (even though the boys have plenty of fruit). But Jack's interest in hunting stems from a primal desire for violence. Thus, Jack regresses and becomes more savage. In contrast, Ralph sticks with his common sense and his sense of responsibility. Piggy also represents and illustrates common sense and reason. Simon is wise. Piggy is logical. Ralph is responsible. They are the civilized leaders of the island, with Ralph being the alpha leader of this group. 

In Chapter 4, Jack and his group are out hunting. They neglect the fire and it goes out. Unfortunately, a ship passes while the fire is out. With no fire, there is no smoke. With no smoke, there is no signal to attract the attention of a passing ship. Here, we see the dichotomy between Ralph and Jack. Jack thinks they needed to go hunting. Ralph is furious that they let the fire go out. Clearly, Ralph shows basic common sense in confronting Jack. Ralph repeats "You let the fire go out." He repeats, "There was a ship." He is being simple and direct as a way to best communicate his frustration. 

In "A Rose for Emily," what kind of conflict is the aldermen's attempt to get Miss Emily pay taxes?

The conflict that this particular situation represents is the external conflict of man vs. society. In this case, it would be Emily versus the changing society of Jefferson County. 

Back in the days when Emily's father, Mr. Grierson, was alive, he and Colonel Sartoris were in friendly terms. When Grierson died, it was generally accepted that the man was a well-known person of influence in the county, albeit not a very well-liked person. Yet, for reasons that are still not quite clear, Colonel Sartoris decides to concoct a story that Miss Emily is exempt from paying taxes as a way to repay back money that her father had presumably loaned the county. This is a tale that the townsfolk narrator does not believe. 

Only a man of Colonel Sartoris’s generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.

As the story says, times did change. Colonel Sartoris died, and the people of Jefferson grew older, taking the place of those who left, and becoming now the new magistrates and aldermen of the town. When they realized that Miss Emily was not paying taxes, they did what any other normal magistrate body would: Go after Emily and demand that her taxes are paid. They had no "hold" or connection to the Griersons. They had no special friendship with Emily's family. Those times of kinship and camaraderie are gone. Emily has to pay her taxes. 

The conflict arises when Emily refuses to acknowledge that ten years have passed since the death of Colonel Sartoris. Moreover, she does not even consider the fact that, as times change, so do rules and regulations. Eternally trapped inside her house, Emily seems to have lost track of time and still insists that she has no taxes in Jefferson. She even tells the aldermen to go see Colonel Sartoris, themselves. 

"I received a paper, yes," Miss Emily said. "Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff . . . I have no taxes in Jefferson."

"But there is nothing on the books to show that, you see We must go by the--"

"See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson."

This is a clear conflict between Miss Emily and the society in which she is constrained to coexist with others. She is unable to fit in with society, but she has to try, nevertheless. 

What is a valid impression about the last phrase of the story, "and it is a common wish of all henpecked husbands in the neighborhood, when life...

Rip Van Winkle is a child at heart. He would rather play and help others than do his own work. As a consequence, his wife is always nagging him to get his own work done. His wife is so domineering that he does whatever he can to escape from her. His farm is a shambles because he neglects it. One can sympathize with his wife because Rip is so irresponsible in this way. But she is exceedingly condescending.

However, Rip is happy, sans the times he is being scolded by his wife. He is happy spending time hunting, fishing, and sitting with the so called "sages" of the village. But even at this philosopher's club, Rip was not safe from his wife. She would find him there, scold him, and Rip would be driven off. As a result, he would retreat into the woods: 

Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. 

When Rip falls asleep for twenty years, he discovers that his wife has died. Rip has finally escaped from his wife: for good. The suggestion is that Rip had fallen asleep as a result of the drink from the flagon he'd had with the strange mountain men. So, this final phrase simply means that other henpecked husbands might prefer to sleep twenty hears until their unruly wives have passed on. This type of sleep is an ultimate escape from one's problems. 

"Conversation with My Father" analysis.

"A Conversation with My Father" is a story-within-a-story. The one story, of course, is about the relationship of the daughter and her dying father; the other is a story composed by the daughter which the father critiques.

Initially, the father asks his daughter to write a story for him, one that describes life without sympathy and with recognizable characters in the manner of Maupassant and Chekhov. So, the daughter writes a bare-bones story that is, as she describes it, "an unadorned and miserable tale." But, the father is displeased, feeling that his daughter has left out too much detail because he was a physician and then an artist who has always been interested in craft and technique. So, she writes another story that includes much more detail, but since she feels that "everyone real or invented deserves the open destiny of life," she ends the story in a manner that is again dissatisfying to her father, although he agrees that the mother meets her end. "You were right to put that down. The end."

In response, the daughter tells her father that "it is not necessarily the end, Pa. It doesn't have to be." Because of his being on oxygen and clinging to life with a debilitated heart, the father contradicts her, contending that all life is a tragedy. Still young, his daughter disagrees, telling him that the mother in her story can yet find a job and move on with her life. Irate, the father declares, "Tragedy! You, too, will you look it in the face?" 

The underlying message here, then, is that the father struggles to make his daughter accept his imminent death.

Why do Oakhurst and the others avoid telling the young couple the truth about why they were not in Poker Flat?

"They'll find out the truth about us all when they find out anything," he added, significantly, "and there's no good frightening them now."

John Oakhurst tells Mother Shipton and Duchess to keep their expulsion from Poker Flat quiet in order to not scare Piney and Tom Simson.  Tom is also known as "the innocent." The name is a solid fit, because he can't even recognize that Duchess and Mother Shipton are prostitutes.  In fact, Tom thinks that Duchess is John Oakhurst's wife.  

When John asks the two women to keep their expulsion a secret, it is after Uncle Billy has stolen the horses and everybody has been snowed in.  Oakhurst knows the situation is not good and will quickly turn dire if immediate actions are not taken.  By not telling Tom and Piney the truth, Oakhurst is trying to keep them calm.  Oakhurst does not want Tom and Piney panicking over the fact that they are snowed in with a bunch of moral degenerates that have been cast out of a nearby town.  

What connections can be drawn between the author's life and the themes presented in "A Rose for Emily"?

Connections that can be made between the life of author William Faulkner and themes of his short story "A Rose for Emily" are the themes of Remembrance of the Past, Tradition versus Change and New Ways, and Tragic Lives of the Past.

• Remembrance of the Past

As a son of the South who returned from World War I, William Faulkner found his beloved South in decline. He gathered scraps of family tradition, gossip from the Courthouse Square, memories from his childhood in Oxford, Mississippi, and tales from his great-grandfather, William Clark Faulkner, the "Old Colonel," a patriarch whose statue towered among the ruins of a family plantation when Faulkner was a boy. Not unlike Emily Grierson, who "had been a tradition" but is forced into a new world, Faulkner found himself immersed into two worlds into which the lines between the past and the present were blurred.

• Tradition versus Change and New Ways

When William was young, like Emily, he was often isolated and detached because he felt a longing for the past when the South was prosperous and proud. Emily herself was part of the manners and traditions of the Old South, much like the relics that the young Faulkner loved to hear about from his grandfather, who, like Emily's father, was a proud and indomitable representative of a bygone era. Also, as a youth, Faulkner was known for having a penchant for isolation and detached observation, two qualities that provided him the ability to retell events from the past.

• Tragic Lives of the Past

About "A Rose for Emily" Faulkner wrote, 

The title was an allegorical title; the meaning here was a woman who had had a tragedy, an irrevocable tragedy and nothing could be done about it, and I pitied her and this was a salute...to a woman you would hand a rose.

Faulkner, too, had a sense of the tragic as, like Emily, he found himself caught between the past for which he had a strong love and the present, about which he was ambivalent. Each of them "clung to that which had robbed them." Emily kept the memory of her father, and she preserved her lover; Faulkner retained the memory of his grandfather in his characters and the tales of the Old South, and he preserved his love of the South in his literature.

What social differences are exemplified by the contrast between Gatsby’s mansion and that of the Buchanans?

The differences between the Buchanans' home and that of Jay Gatsby are meant to exemplify the social barriers that separate old money (inherited, established wealth) and the nouveau riche (newly earned wealth).

Tom and Daisy's house is described as a "red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion" with "French windows"  an "Italian garden" and a stable for Tom's polo horses. Georgian architecture utilizes design elements dating back to ancient Greece and Rome and later revitalized in the Renaissance and neo-classical periods. Tom and Daisy's house is meant to represent tradition and the security of time-honored, classic design that suggests European refinement. Polo has long been called "the sport of kings," only indulged in by the elite. Tom and Daisy are members of the old money establishment.

Gatsby's house represents his nouveau riche, socially-aspirational status. In a bid to capture some European prestige, the house has been designed to replicate a French country hotel. Its size and scale make it impersonal (like a hotel) and the "thin beard of raw ivy" suggests a recent attempt to make the house look long-established like the estate of an old money family.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925.

In Homer's Iliad, who are the gods?

Many different gods play a role in Homer's Iliad. Although some of the older Greek gods or "Titans" and minor deities make appearances, the major roles in the epic are played by the Olympian pantheon. Some of the major gods who intervene in the war include:

• Zeus, the king of the gods, was neutral in the Trojan war. He was a sky god and is often portrayed as wielding a thunderbolt.


• Hera, the queen of the gods and both the wife and sister of Zeus, supported the Greeks. She was a goddess of marriage.


• Athena supported the Greeks and especially favored Odysseus. She was a virgin goddess of wisdom, weaving, and war and the daughter of Zeus.


• Hephaestus, the husband of Aphrodite, supported the Greeks. He was the patron of smiths and craftspeople and made the renowned shield of Achilles. 


• Aphrodite, the goddess of love, supported the Trojans, and especially favored Paris.


• Apollo, the sun god, and his sister, the huntress goddess Artemis, supported the Trojans. 


• Ares, the god of war, supported the Trojans. 

Describe five organisms that have been changed by artificial selection.

Artificial selection is the intentional breeding of organisms in order to produce particular traits. Another name for artificial selection is selective breeding. Examples of artificial selection include:

• 
  Dogs: Most current breeds of dogs are the result of artificial selection. Dogs were originally wolf-like animals. The more docile of these animals became domesticated by humans. Over time, dogs were bred to select for various desirable traits.

• 
  Cows: Cows that were found to produce more milk were selectively bred to other cows that yielded high amounts of milk. This lead to a population of cows that produce more milk.

• 
  Fish: Normally, there are many different sizes of fish in a given fish population. Fishing regulations that only allow the largest fish to be kept artificially select for an explosion of smaller fish. As the large fish are removed, the smaller fish are able to thrive and produce more small fish.

• 
  Tomatoes: Tomatoes were originally the size of blueberries. Over time, they were selectively bred for size and other desirable traits to become the tomatoes we know today.

• 
  Maize: Maize was originally a grass-like plant. Over time, larger and fuller kernals were selected for in order to produce a better food source.

What is the purpose and subject of the book Paper Towns?

Paper Towns is a deconstruction of the "manic pixie dream girl" trope. Margo Roth Spiegelman, the leading lady of the novel, is an adventurer who seems perfect and wild in every way. Very few people know anything about her. The narrator of the novel, Quentin, believes that Margo is a "miracle" and spends most of the book viewing her as an answer to his problems rather than as a person. The book is about Margo's disappearance and Quentin's determination to find her, but more than that, it's about Quentin and Margo both finding themselves. The original setup looks like Quentin is going to find Margo and "get the girl," but at the end it turns out he knows just as little about Margo as Margo knows about herself. He realizes that he's been disingenuous about Margo's personality by viewing her as more of an idea than a person, and also realizes that he has to let Margo live her own life and be a real person.

John Green has stated that his purpose in writing Paper Towns was to rectify something he had not accomplished in Looking For Alaska—creating a troubled female character who stood on her own rather than being a plot device for his narrator's development.

What lesson can we learn from Creon's bravery?

This is an interesting question because Creon is usually not a character who is associated with bravery. Typically, Antigone is seen as the heroine in this story, even though her bravery ultimately leads her to her grave. However, Creon demonstrates firm leadership capabilities, and this could be construed as bravery. Creon's firmness is criticized, even by his own son, but Creon nevertheless shows classic Greek attributes that are associated with being a strong patriarch. 

It could be helpful to view "braveness" under the Greek framework of hubris. In Greek society and literature, hubris is often defined as extreme pride. This pride is usually punished by the gods, and characters who demonstrate hubris often lose the things that are most precious to them. In Creon's case, his hubris - or bravery - costs him to lose his son. Antigone teaches us that bravery sometimes comes at a cost. Instead, we should be patient and flexible, especially when listening to the needs of others. 

If 10.3 gm lithium sulfate react with an abundant amount of potassium phosphate, what mass of lithium phosphate can you expect to isolate?

The reaction between lithium sulfate and potassium phosphate is a a double displacement reaction. This reaction can be written as:

`3 Li_2SO_4 + 2 K_3PO_4 -> 2 Li_3PO_4 +3 K_2SO_4`

In this well-balanced chemical reaction, we can see that lithium replace potassium and vice-versa and hence this is a double displacement reaction. 

Molar masses of lithium sulfate = 2 x 7 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 110 g/mol

Molar mass of lithium phosphate = 3 x 7 + 31 + 4 x 16 = 116 g/mol

Using stoichiometry:

3 moles of lithium sulfate produces 2 moles of lithium phosphate, 

or, 3 x 110 g lithium sulfate produces 2 x 116 g lithium phosphate

or, 10.3 g lithium sulfate produces (2 x 116) x 10.3 / (3 x 110) 

 = 7.24 g.

Thus, 10.3 g of lithium sulfate will produce 7.24 g lithium phosphate.

Hope this helps. 

Is "The Passionate Shepherd To His Love" a lyric or narrative poem?

Specifically, this poem is considered a pastoral poem because of its idyllic setting.  However, since that isn't one of your options, your better choice here is lyric.  The second link I am providing gives the characteristics of both lyric and narrative poems, and as you will see, lyric is the better fit.  Here's why:

Lyric poetry is highly emotional.  Check--this poem is brimming with emotion, although it is debatable whether that emotion is beautiful love or just old-fashioned lust.  It also has a musical quality, not meaning necessarily that it should be sung, but that it has a distinguishable rhythm.  Marlowe's choice of rhyming couplets assures this quality.  Lyric poems have a first-person narrator who idealizes the situation being described. The Shepherd, of course, speaks in the first-person and only tells his Love of all the wonderful benefits of coming to live with him; he leaves out all of the hardships that will come with the lifestyle of a shepherd.

Since a narrative poem should tell a story, and we don't get the other side of this tale until we read "The Nymph's Reply," you must classify this poem as lyric.

How does Ben Gunn frighten the pirates in Treasure Island?

When the remaining pirates set off to find the treasure, Gunn, Gray, and Dr. Livesey realize they may not make it to the place where the treasure was originally buried in time to intercept the pirates and save Jim (Livesey cheerfully confirms the thought of rescuing Silver hasn't even occurred to him). Because Ben Gunn knows the island best, he's able to catch up to the pirates before the others, and plays on their superstitions by imitating the voice of their former, deceased captain, Flint, who originally buried the treasure. Gunn sings a song that was one of Flint's favorites, and repeats Flint's last words, hoping the pirates will believe the island is cursed and haunted by Flint's ghost. While Silver is able to shame and rationalize them to their senses, and after a time they realize it was Gunn's voice, the delay caused by their fear is enough for Livesey and Gray to catch up.

What is the electric potential at point P as shown in the figure? Assume that rod has uniform charge `lambda` per unit length.

Since the nothing on the attached image is given about the location of point P, I will assume the general case that point P is anywhere between the charges rods and label its coordinates as  `(x_P, y_P)` . (Let's assume the coordinate system has origin at the point where the rods meet and the axis coincide with the rods.)

Since electric potential is scalar, the potential at point P will be the scalar sum of the potential due to the field of each rod. Let's find the potential due to the horizontal rod first.

The electric potential due to the point charge can be found as `V = (kq)/r`  , where k is a constant, q is the value of point charge, and r is the distance to the point charge.

The charged rod can be thought of the collection of the point, or differential charges dq such that `dq = lambda*dx`  . The location of each differential charge on the horizontal rod is (x, 0). According to the distance formula, the distance between point P and each point charge is `sqrt((x-x_P)^2 + y_P^2)`.

Then the differential potential due to each differential charge is

`dV = (klambdadx)/sqrt((x-x_P)^2 + y_P ^2)`

and the potential due to the semi-infinite horizontal rod is

`V = int dV = int_0 ^oo (klambdadx)/sqrt((x-x_P)^2 + y_P^2)`

To take this integral, I will first use substitution `z = x-x_P`  . This will result in the change of the lower limit from 0 to `-x_P`  . The upper limits remains infinity and dz = dx.

The resultant integral can be looked up in the table or taken using trigonometric substitution. The result will be

`V = klambda arctan(z/y_P) |_(-x_P) ^oo`

At infinity, arctangent approaches `pi/2` , so

`V = klambda(pi/2 +arctan(x_P/y_P))`

The procedure for finding the potential due to the vertical rod is identical, except that x and y are reversed. The potential due to the vertical rod is

`V = klambda(pi/2 + arctan(y_P/x_P))`

When adding the potentials, notice that that the sum involves arctangent of a number plus arctangent of the reciprocal of that number. The sum of these two arctangents is `pi/2` : `arctan(t) + arctan(1/t) = pi/2` 

So the potential at point P due to both rods is

`klambda(pi/2 + pi/2 + pi/2) = (3pi)/2 klambda` .

Please help me with a project in which I need to write a law criminalizing something that is currently legal. The project for this course...

This question is simply asking you to come up with something that is currently legal, but that you think should be illegal.  The answer that you come up with will depend a great deal on your personal beliefs.    Here are some examples:

You might say that you think fetuses should be protected from various kinds of harm while in the womb.  You might therefore criminalize drug use, smoking, and drinking of alcohol by women who are pregnant.  You could say that this is a social harm because an innocent child that cannot protect itself is being harmed.  The child is, of course, stuck in the womb and cannot escape damage if its mother does these things.

You might say that it should be illegal to engage in racist or sexist speech. You might say that this sort of speech causes a great deal of social harm because it makes it harder for racial minorities and women to get ahead in our society.  Because whites and men have more power in this country than non-whites and women, racist and sexist speech keeps its targets down and harms our society by keeping those groups subordinated.

Basically, you need to think of what sorts of things are legal but are bad according to your value system.  You would then need to think about what problems might arise in writing the law properly. For example, what constitutes racist speech? Does a woman have to know she’s pregnant before she can be charged?  You need to think of what objections people might have (free speech, women’s rights). But this starts with identifying something that is legal now but which you strongly feel should be illegal.

Why does Killer Kane say that Grim and Gram poisoned Max?

Kenny “Killer” Kane is not saying that Grim and Gram poisoned Max with literal poison. Instead, Kenny “Killer” Kane is insisting that Grim and Gram have “poisoned [Max’s mind] against” Kane. Max’s dad keeps insisting that he “never killed anybody.” As a result, Kenny “Killer” Kane tries to convince Max that the reason for Max’s negative feelings towards Kane are a result of the “lies” told by Grim and Gram. Kenny “Killer” Kane keeps Max tied to a boiler in the basement of an old woman’s home nearby in order to continue convincing Max that the “lies” are not true. Kenny “Killer” Kane insists that the reason why Grim and Gram told Max the “lies” was simply to keep Max away from his real father. As readers, we know that Grim and Gram are Max's caretakers because they love him and because they want to protect him from Kenny “Killer” Kane who truly is a murderer.

"History repeats itself"- is that a negative or positive statement?

The statement, “History repeats itself,” is an informative statement. It is not a negative or a positive statement. The purpose of this statement is to teach us that by studying history, we should be able to learn from past mistakes so we don’t repeat them in the future. History does repeat itself. The places and the names change, but the basic events are very similar. If we don’t learn from history, then we as a people have failed to learn from the past. If we take the lessons that history teaches us and apply those lessons in the future, we reduce the chances of making the same mistakes. If we learn from the successes of the past, we also increase the likelihood of repeating those successful events in the future.

Thus, the statement about history repeating itself is one to inform us about why we should study history. If you ever question why you are studying history, you should apply this idea so you can learn from the past!!!

`bbv = 8(cos(135^@) bbi + sin(135^@) bbj)` Find the magnitude and direction angle of the vector `bbv`.

The magnitude of a vector `v=v_x*i + v_y*j` is given by the following formula, such that:

`|v| = sqrt(v_x^2+v_y^2)`

`|v| = sqrt(8cos^2 135^o + 8sin^2 135^o)`

`|v| = sqrt(8(cos^2 135^o + sin^2 135^o))`

`|v| = sqrt(8*1)`

`|v| = 2sqrt2`

You may evaluate the direction angle of the vector v, such that:

`tan alpha = (v_y)/(v_x)`

`tan alpha = (8 sin 135^o)/(8 cos 135^o)`

`tan alpha = tan 135^o => alpha = 135^o`

Hence, evaluating the magnitude and the direction angle of the vector v, yields `|v| =2sqrt2` and  `alpha = 135^o.`

How do the characters Msimangu, John Kumalo, and Arthur Jarvis represent different segments of South African society?

Cry the Beloved Country, written in 1948, is about the changes in South Africa after Black South African tribes were largely broken up and many people moved to the cities. The characters represent different segments of this changing society. John Kumalo has left his rural community to live in Johannesburg, and while he was once a Christian and a carpenter (very similar to Christ), he has now become a businessman and a politician. Msimangu says of John Kumalo, "He says that what God has not done for South Africa, he must do" (page 15). While John Kumalo says he has left the church to actively help his people, he truly only wants to make a name for himself. He does not like the church because he feels beholden to too many rules. He represents the kind of politician who claims to want to help Black South Africans but who is really only interested in helping himself. For example, he hires a lawyer to make the case that his son was not near Absalom when Arthur Jarvis is killed, and he does everything to protect himself and his family and make himself seem important. He is not committed to reform or to making life in South Africa truly better.

Arthur Jarvis is a cultured, educated white man who, unlike John Kumalo, truly loves South Africa. When he dies, the priest describes his death as "a terrible loss for South Africa" (page 39). Arthur Jarvis was President of the African Boys' Club and cared deeply about the lives of Black South Africans and about racial justice. His quest for justice comes in part from his extensive reading about South African history and in part from his Christian faith. He is representative of the white South African who wants to find a way to repair the racial rifts in his society and to move towards justice and equality.

The Reverend Theophilus Msimangu is filled with Christian charity. He tells Stephen Kumalo, "I am a Christian. It is not in my heart to hate the white man" (page 15). He is a Christian and believes in the Christian faith, but he also believes the white man has broken the tribal way of life in South Africa but has not repaired what he has broken. He has dedicated himself to repairing South Africa through the union of white and black people, and his motivating force is love. He represents the type of Black South African who is dedicated to social reform and to helping the country through the cooperation of all segments of the society and all races. He is similar to Arthur Jarvis in his dedication to reform.

In what ways was Reconstruction a success, and in what ways was it a failure?

Depending on your point of view, Reconstruction can be viewed as a success or as a failure. There are reasons why it can be viewed as a success. One of the goals of Reconstruction was to rebuild the South. As a result of Reconstruction, more industries were developed in the South as the South diversified its economy. Also, transportation expanded as more railroads were built in the South. Another goal was to reunite the country. This occurred as all of the southern states that seceded were brought back into the Union by 1870. The reconstruction process also wanted to help the former slaves. Formers slaves got their freedom and got other rights they didn’t have before the Civil War. African-Americans males got the right to vote and some got elected to political offices, especially at the state level. African-Americans also got jobs and got help taking care of their basic needs such as food, clothing, and medical care.

There are some people who felt that Reconstruction was a failure. Reconstruction didn’t change the attitudes of many white southerners who continued to believe in the racial superiority of whites. Once Reconstruction ended, many of the accomplishments African-Americans had achieved were reversed or eliminated. Jim Crow laws were passed that legalized segregation. Groups like the Ku Klux Klan formed and began to intimidate and to terrorize African-Americans. African-Americans had their voting rights restricted with the creation of poll taxes and literacy tests. Many of the accomplishments of Reconstruction disappeared after Reconstruction ended.