What are the major steps to be followed when I want to write a speech on World AIDS Day?

Your first step is to do some research on World AIDS Day so that you are well-informed and can give good details about it. For your main references, you should use authoritative websites such as those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization. 

Next, you need to decide what sort of speech you are preparing. A persuasive speech, in which you might argue that your school should create specific events for World AIDS Day 2016, would be different than an informative speech about the history of World AIDS day. You should consult your teacher or your assignment sheet to determine what sort of speech you are assigned to give. For all types of speech, you may want to include information on the history of World AIDS Day, starting with its 1987 inception and the role of the United Nations program now known as UNAIDS.

Your next step should be creating an outline, thinking about what sort of points you wish to cover in your speech. As you create your outline, you should specify the amount of time you intend to spend on each topic so that you meet any time requirements for your assignment.

Once you have drafted your speech, following your outline, you should read it aloud for practice, correcting any phrases that might seem awkward and making sure it fits the time requirements of the assignment. If your classroom has a computer and projection screen, you might also create visual aids to help clarify your main points for your audience. 

In Macbeth, provide and explain specific examples to show how unrestrained ambition destroys Macbeth's honesty and his sense of duty to relatives...

In Macbeth, there are a number of great examples of how unchecked ambition demolishes previously established relationships in the play.  I will highlight three examples and discuss how ambition plays a role in the downfall of each relationship.  First, Macbeth's murder of Duncan ultimately demonstrates the breeching of loyalty by Macbeth as he kills the man who has helped him gain so much and elevated Macbeth's career.  While initially Macbeth feels conflicted about murdering Duncan because of his duty to him as a subject and a friend, Macbeth ultimately concludes that it is the only substantial path to his ultimate success.  Second, Macbeth's murder of Banquo and attempted murder of Fleance is a major betrayal of friendship.  Banquo was a close friend to Macbeth and was nothing more than loyal to him, however the all-consuming fear that Banquo's children might steal his throne leads Macbeth to murder his close friend and attempt to kill his son.  This demonstrates a major lack of duty to one's friend and is fueled by the ambition of becoming more power-hungry.  In this instance, Macbeth has become unsatisfied with only being king and wants to ensure that the throne will remain in his family.  Finally, Macbeth's eventual disregard for Lady Macbeth's suffering demonstrates a true lack of duty to one's loved one because he does not care about her illness and continues to pursue his political gains even when she is not well.  The ultimate disregard comes when he finds out that she has killed herself but does not feel saddened by the loss and instead continues to plot ways in which he can retain his power and defeat his enemies.

What do Lyddie and Triphena overhear the two men talking about when they come into the inn in Lyddie?

Lyddie overhears two men discussing rewards for escaped slaves.

Lyddie overhears two hired men discussing escaped slaves one day in the tavern.  She usually enjoys listening to the hired men because they talk as they work, and she finds the conversations interesting.  On this day, she is curious about the escaped slaves.  One of the men says “another slave up near Ferrisburg" was caught.

"The legislature can say all they want to about not giving up runaways, but as long as them rewards are high, somebody's going to report them." (Ch. 4)

The problem is that slavery is legal in some parts of the country, and not in others.  The southerners practice slavery, while it is illegal in the north.  Ultimately, this creates some confusion if runaway slaves are escaping to the north.

The men use the example of owning a horse, comparing owning slaves to owning other property.

“ …Man buys a horse fair and legal, he sure as hell going after it if it bolts. You pay for something, it's yours. If the law says a man can own slaves, he's got a right to go after them if they bolt. Ain't no difference I can see." (Ch. 4)

According to Otis, slaves are property, and if you turn one in you deserve to collect the reward like any other property.  Clearly these men would turn in a slave if they found one.

Lyddie has never seen a black person, but she sympathizes with them.  She feels trapped herself, sold into a kind of servitude by her family to pay off their debts.  She considers what to do, based on the price of the reward.  Turning in a slave would allow her to pay off her debts and return home.

Lyddie will have to face this choice soon, when she encounters her first slave, Ezekial.  However, she does not turn him in to collect the reward.  She helps him instead.  This shows that while Lyddie can be selfish, she also has a good heart and is capable of making selfless gestures.

A force of 10,00 N is applied to a stationary wall. How much work is performed?

The amount of work performed is zero.

Work is a physical quantity that is measured as a scalar, or dot product, of a force acting on an object and the displacement of the object during the time of the application of the force:

`W = vecF*vecd = F*d*cos(theta)` , where `theta` is the angle between the force and displacement.

Thus, the magnitude of work performed by a force depends on three things: the magnitude of the force, the magnitude of the displacement, and the angle between the force vector and the displacement vector.

If the force is zero, the work performed by the force will obviously also be zero. However, even if force is non-zero, the work still might be zero. For example, if the object did not change its position during the time the force acted on it, then the displacement vector is zero, and the work performed by the force is also zero. This is the case in this problem, since the wall remains stationary - there is no displacement, and the work is zero.

Also, if the angle between the force and displacement is 90 degrees - that is, the force vector and the displacement vector are perpendicular - then the work performed by this force is also zero, because cos(90) = 0. For example, in uniform circular motion, the work performed by centripetal force is zero because it is always perpendicular (normal) to the trajectory.

What do the two tribes symbolize in the novel Lord of the Flies?

The two tribes that form in the novel Lord of the Flies represent a civil, democratic society with structure, and a brutal, totalitarian society driven by primitive instincts. Ralph's tribe represents a democracy because each person is given the opportunity to speak throughout the meetings and vote on certain subjects. Ralph's tribe emphasizes structure and civility by focusing on essential elements of survival and rescue. Ralph uses the conch to gain the boys attention and establishes rules during the assemblies. Ralph's tribe prioritizes necessary tasks such as maintaining a signal fire, collecting water, and building shelters.

Jack is the tyrannical leader of his tribe. Jack's tribe represents the primitive, savage instincts found in human nature. His tribe focuses on hunting and pleasurable activities instead of necessary tasks that ensure survival and rescue. Jack controls his tribe through fear and intimidation. Jack's tribe is not interested in rules and hard labor, but rather attempts to satiate the carnal desires of each individual in the tribe.

What were the similarities between Benito Mussolini and Joseph Stalin?

Joseph Stalin and Benito Mussolini differed greatly on how to manage the economy but were in complete agreement about how they should run their government:  with complete control.  Both leaders were absolute dictators that used propaganda and indoctrination to influence the citizens to support them. Those in the community that would not be influenced or brainwashed by propaganda were dealt with harshly.  Mussolini and Stalin utilized secret police forces to deal with perceived dissension in an extrajudicial manner.  This meant the secret police could arrest citizens without trial or simply execute them on the spot.  Both regimes outlawed all other political power and stripped citizens of individual rights.  Another similarity between the two is that they created a cult of personality in which the leader was to be adored and feared above everything else.  While these two leaders had different socio-political ideologies and would end up on opposite sides of World War II, they had much more in common than either of them would have liked to admit.  

Each member of the United Nations has one vote in the General Assembly. Do you think this is fair?

Of course, this is a matter of opinion.  I will give you one argument for each side and you can decide which you find more convincing.

On the one hand, it is completely fair to have equal representation in the General Assembly.  Each country that joins the United Nations is a sovereign nation.  In a democracy, we think that everyone’s vote should count the same whether they are rich or poor.  If a “one person, one vote” rule makes sense in a democracy, then a “one country, one vote” rule makes sense in a group that is made up of sovereign nations.  If we do not give each country one vote, we have to decide which countries are more important and how much more important they are.  This would not be fair in a group that is supposed to allow all the nations of the world to have a say.

On the other hand, it is completely unfair to have equal representation in the General Assembly.  First of all, countries’ populations vary widely.  If our analogy is “one person, one vote,” then how can we let the Federated States of Micronesia, with about 103,000 inhabitants, have the same voting power as China, with over 1 billion people?  Second, the economic power of the various countries, along with how much they contribute to the UN, varies widely.  If one country gives much more money to the UN than another, shouldn’t it be able to have more of a say in what the UN does?

In essence, this comes down to how you define fairness.  Do you think the UN should treat all countries as individuals who should have one vote, or do you think the UN should count all individuals in the world as equal and give countries votes based on their populations?

Gary went hiking he took along trail mix of nuts, raisins and other dried fruit. When he got home, he separated the raisins from the leftover mix...

As the name suggests, trail mix is a mixture. In fact, trail mix is a heterogeneous mixture, since all the components are distinguishable from each other and can be separated out easily. A mixture is characterized by the fact that each individual component retains their own property. In comparison, constituents of a compound lose their individual properties. This the reason Gary can separate out the raisins, by simply picking them out. This also means that Gary can pick out each individual nut or raisin, etc. and enjoy the taste of each one of them separately. Thus, the properties of raisins will remain the same and hence option D is correct. If the separated out raisins tasted different of were of smaller size or had a different color; it would have meant that trail mix is a compound (which is not the case). Hence, option D is correct.

Hope this helps.

What is the setting of the story Vera tells in "The Open Window?"

The setting of the tale that Vera fabricates is the English countryside at the turn of the twentieth century.  Framton Nuttel has come from a city to this countryside for a rest; he brings letters of introduction from his sister to Mrs. Sappleton.

While Nuttel waits for Mrs. Stappleton, her niece Vera is sent down to entertain the guest. After she ascertains that Nuttel does not know anyone in the area, Vera feels safe in telling her story about the Stappleton men who have gone out the open window in order to hunt, but failed to return because they were caught in a bog.  Of course, the entire tale is a practical joke upon Framton, whom Vera determines is incapable of determining the lines between reality and imagination.

When the men actually return and enter through the open French doors, Vera feigns horror.

In a chill shock of nameless fear Framton swung round in his seat and looked in the same direction.

Since they are doing exactly as she has described, Framton rushes from the room with just the reaction for which Vera has hoped.

How do we use plant hormones to produce large numbers of new plants quickly?

Hormones are chemical substances produced in organisms that have a desired effect on a specific tissue or set of tissues somewhere else in the organism.  There are several hormones that foster different aspects of plant growth, such as auxins.  Auxins contribute to the elongation of plant cells.  For this to happen, the otherwise rigid cell wall has to be less rigid and more plastic, allowing the cell to elongate.  Another hormone is a substance called ethylene, which stimulates the ripening of the plants fruit.  This is a critical part of plant development, as it fosters distribution of the plants seeds for reproduction.  Finally, a hormone called cytokinins is responsible for cell division in plants, which is necessary for the plant to grow, mature, and reproduce.  All these hormones produce specific growth and reproductive characteristics required by the plant to flourish and multiply.

What do we learn very early in "A Lamb to Slaughter" about Mary Maloney?

The reader learns several things about Mary Maloney in the early parts of the story.  If you are referring to something very concrete about her that the reader learns, then I believe the most important detail is the fact that Mary is six months pregnant.  It's a key detail to the story, because after she kills Patrick, Mary is perfectly willing to take the punishment.  But she doesn't know what will happen to the baby, so she decides to cover up the killing for the sake of her unborn child. 

As the wife of a detective, she knew what the punishment would be. It made no difference to her. In fact, it would be a relief. On the other hand, what about the baby? What were the laws about murderers with unborn children? Did they kill them both -- mother and child? Did they wait until the baby was born? What did they do? Mary Maloney didn't know and she wasn't prepared to take a chance.

The reader also learns that she is desperately in love with Patrick.  She's practically a "Stepford Wife."  Mary is the quintessential doting wife.  She is sitting in the front room eagerly awaiting the arrival of her husband.  He is the reason for her existence.  

The room was warm, the curtains were closed, the two table lamps were lit. On the cupboard behind her there were two glasses and some drinks. Mary Maloney was waiting for her husband to come home from work. Now and again she glanced at the clock, but without anxiety: She merely wanted to satisfy herself that each minute that went by made it nearer the time when he would come home.

How does Brinker impact the other boys at Devon, and how does he make them feel more "complete"?

Brinker impacts the other boys at Devon in a way that is completely opposite to the way that Finny impacts that boys.  While Finny is spontaneous and free spirited, Brinker is more reserved.  While Finny finds ways to go around the letter of the law, Brinker is much more interested in following the letter of the law and having justice be served.  You could even illustrate Finny's and Brinker's dichotomy with the seasons.  Finny is in control of the boys during the Summer session at Devon.  Brinker is the leader during the Winter session at Devon.  

His impact on the boys is through his sense of justice.  He has a strong moral compass and guides the boys in that regard.  Sometimes his moral compass and desire for justice is a bad thing though.  He is the boy that leads the case against Gene, which ends up destroying a friendship and ultimately leads to Finny's death.  He also impacts the boys with his view of the war.  When the novel begins, all of the boys assume that Brinker will be the first to join the military and go to war.  But as the novel progresses and Brinker matures, his view of the war becomes much more jaded and pessimistic.  That in turn affects how the other boys view the war as well.  

As for how he makes the boys feel more complete, I believe he does that by acting and being a strong, rule following leader.  Without Brinker the group is a loosely held together group of boys.  They are friends, but Brinker brings a sense of purpose and direction to the boys.  If you think of the group like a single body, Brinker completes the body by being the head.  Finny would be the heart, but Brinker is most definitely the head.  

I need help making a 3-5 sentence summary on Chapters 1-3 for To Kill a Mockingbird.

When writing a summary, remember to include only the main points that are most important to the task at hand. This means that you should identify the main plot elements, which are characters, setting, and possibly plot, for the first three chapters of a book. Usually the beginning of stories are mostly exposition of characters and setting, but if plot can be found, too, remember to use that as well.

For Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, the first three chapters introduce characters and setting perfectly. Scout explains a little bit about the history of her town and her ancestors. She and Jem introduce Dill to the legend of Boo Radley and plot to get him to come out of his house ensues. The following is a possible example:

Within the first three chapters of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem introduce Dill to their local legend and boogieman, Boo Radley. Because Boo Radley has been a shut-in for twenty-five years, and because he's so mysterious, Dill challenges Jem to help him get Boo to come out of the house. Scout also starts first grade in chapter three; she gets a strict lesson in manners from Calpurnia; and she learns from her father to "climb" into other people's skin before judging them. The questions are: will the boys ever get Boo to come out; and, will Scout learn to use proper manners and not judge others before considering their perspectives first?

Depending on the requirements for your assignment, you can add or subtract from the above example. Also, quotes and citations are not usually needed for a summary--just a paraphrasing of major events is required. 

True or False statements for Romeo and Juliet, Act III, Scene 1. If the statement is false write the correction 1. Benvolio advises Mercutio to go...

1. Benvolio advises Mercutio to go inside, since it is such a hot day, and the Capulets are out. True, in lines 1-4, Benvolio says,

I pray thee, good Mercutio, let’s retire.
The day is hot, the Capels are abroad,
And if we meet we shall not ’scape a brawl,
For now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring.

2. Mercutio accuses Benvolio of being a troublemaker. True, lines 5-10, 12-14, 16-31. 

3. Tybalt wants to fight Romeo because he knows about Romeo and Juliet's secret wedding. False, Tybalt challenges Romeo because Romeo crashed the Capulet party and Tybalt overheard him speaking. Tybalt wanted to fight him at the party but was dissuaded by Lord Capulet. Tybalt doesn't understand why Romeo tells him in lines 63-66, 

Tybalt, the reason that I have to love thee
Doth much excuse the appertaining rage
To such a greeting. Villain am I none.
Therefore farewell. I see thou knowest me not.

4. Romeo is kind to Tybalt because he is afraid to fight him. False, in a case of dramatic irony (the audience knowing something one or more of the characters doesn't know), Tybalt knows nothing about the marriage between Romeo and Juliet. Romeo won't fight him because they are now related through marriage since Tybalt is Juliet's cousin. See above quote. Romeo is obviously not afraid of fighting Tybalt because the two do fight after Mercutio is killed and Romeo wins.

5.5. Mercutio fights Tybalt because Tybalt has insulted him personally. False, Mercutio is upset that his friend Romeo has backed down. Mercutio and Tybalt are the most belligerent characters in the play and it's not surprising that they fight. Each of them is quite devoted to the feud. Mercutio wants to defend Romeo's honor because he doesn't know Romeo's true motive for backing down. Mercutio says in lines 74-76,

O calm, dishonorable, vile submission!
Alla stoccato carries it away. [He draws.]
Tybalt, you ratcatcher, will you walk?

6. Mercutio jokes about his own impending death. True, ever the joker, Mercutio is punning to his death as he plays on the word "grave." He says in lines 100-103,

No, ’tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as
a church door, but ’tis enough. ’Twill serve. Ask for
me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.

7. Romeo is shocked and enraged over Mercutio's death and willingly fights Tybalt. True, in lines 127-135 Romeo says,

Alive in triumph, and Mercutio slain!
Away to heaven, respective lenity,
And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now.—
Now, Tybalt, take the “villain” back again
That late thou gavest me, for Mercutio’s soul
Is but a little way above our heads,
Staying for thine to keep him company.
Either thou or I, or both, must go with him.

8. Tybalt is accidentally killed by Benvolio. False, Benvolio is not involved in the fight. After Mercutio is killed by Tybalt, Romeo kills Tybalt in revenge.

9. Sampson and Gregory tell the Prince what has caused Tybalt's and Mercutio's death. False, Benvolio describes the fight between Mercutio and Tybalt and then Romeo and Tybalt in lines 160-184. Gregory and Sampson are Capulet servants who are only mentioned in Act I, Scene 1.

10. Lady Montague calls Romeo a liar. False, Lady Montague calls Benvolio a liar in line 186. Romeo has fled the scene. She says,

He is a kinsman to the Montague.
Affection makes him false; he speaks not true.

11. The Prince sentences Romeo to death. False, the Prince banishes Romeo (Romeo goes to Mantua). He does say that if Romeo is found in Verona he will be put to death. The Prince says in lines 196-207,

And for that offense
Immediately we do exile him hence.
I have an interest in your hearts’ proceeding:
My blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding.
But I’ll amerce you with so strong a fine
That you shall all repent the loss of mine.
I will be deaf to pleading and excuses.
Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses.
Therefore use none. Let Romeo hence in haste,
Else, when he is found, that hour is his last.
Bear hence this body and attend our will.
Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill.

 

What are some modern elements in Ibsen's play A Doll's House?

There are a number of modern elements in Ibsen's A Doll's House, which make this play timeless.

Perhaps the most notable element is that of equality of the sexes.

In the nineteenth century, women's lives were limited to socially prescribed behaviors [...] [T]he controversy surrounding sexual equality [is] an important part of the play.

The double standards of the past still exist today. Though not as prevalent as was the case in the nineteenth century (the setting of the play), and even in light of laws that have been passed to attempt to guarantee equal pay for equal work regardless of gender, there is still difficulty in many areas for women trying to break through into professions traditionally dominated by men and be paid commensurate with their training and experience.

This could also be said regarding class. Torvald considers Krogstad contemptible and beneath him because Krogstad made one bad choice and went to jail—even though they went to school together. We can infer that Torvald's contempt is also based upon his perception of Krogstad's weakness. Torvald is dismissive of Christine Linde as socially inadequate because of her financial standing and her need to work. From a modern vantage point, there still remain obvious divisions—and barriers—between social classes in the United States based upon wealth, education, social standing, ethnicity, race, gender, etc.

Another element from the play that speaks to a modern audience is that of "identity and search for self." When Nora realizes that her marriage has been a sham and her husband has no regard for her as a person—as an equal—she understands that she is incomplete and must find out who she is: not based upon her husband's or society's expectations, but upon her own perceptions of what she learns as she makes her way out in the world. 

HELMER: But this is disgraceful. Is this the way you neglect your most sacred duties?

NORA: What do you consider is my most sacred duty?

HELMER: Do I have to tell you that? Isn't it your duty to your husband and children?

NORA: I have another duty, just as sacred.

HELMER: You can't have. What duty do you mean?

NORA: My duty to myself.

Nora also announces:

I can't be satisfied any longer with what most people say, and with what's in books. I must think things out for myself and try to understand them.

Other elements of the play that have a modern relevance are betrayal and deception. We can find these elements with regard to many areas of society: divorce; fraud (e.g., Ponzi schemes); abuse of women, children, the elderly, etc.; and, drug wars and terrorism, to name a few. All of these difficulties are the result of deception and betrayal.

While Nora deceives her husband (and Krogstad) to save Torvald's life, Torvald deceives Nora in telling her that he loves and wants to protect her. In truth, he enjoys possessing her as an object, something he owns. And when he is afraid his reputation will be ruined by scandal over Nora's fraudulent loan, his only desire is to protect himself.

Torvald likely sees Nora's crime as an act of betrayal; and he is completely oblivious to the fact that she prevented his death. His betrayal of Nora is more stinging. Torvald does not respect Nora as a person; he treats her like a possession; he turns on her when his reputation is at stake; and, he threatens to take their children out of Nora's care—the ultimate betrayal from Nora's position. He values society's belief that he is honorable more than anything, which is another betrayal.

HELMER: I would gladly work night and day for you. Nora—bear sorrow and want for your sake. But no man would sacrifice his honor for the one he loves.

NORA: It is a thing hundreds of thousands of women have done.

Ibsen's A Doll's House is full of themes that speak to a modern audience.

In Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, what does the psychiatrist say is "wrong" with Clarisse?

A psychiatrist living in an illiterate and hedonistic society would think that there is something wrong with Clarisse because she is the complete opposite of everyone else. She is kind, fun, happy, and probably literate, or at least taught by someone who is, (her uncle) because she has profound thoughts and asks deep questions. The psychiatrist asks her why she pays attention to nature rather than watching TV like everyone else in their society. He even calls her "a regular onion," to which she tells Montag that she keeps "him busy peeling away the layers" (22).

Most people in Clarisse and Montag's world either watch TV all day, listen to music with their radio "shells," and drive cars too fast to notice nature or anyone else in the world. Since Clarisse does not do these things as other people do in their world, they think something must be wrong. She explains in the following passage:

"They want to know what I do with my time. I tell them that sometimes I just sit and think. But I won't tell them what. I've got them running. And sometimes, I tell them, I like to put my head back, like this, and let the rain fall in my mouth" (23).

Clarisse also says that she doesn't know what her psychiatrist actually thinks of her; therefore, the text never says what they actually think is "wrong" with her. However, based on the evidence of their society and how Montag views her as different, it can be inferred that the only thing that is "wrong" with Clarisse is she has an imagination and she isn't driven by hedonism as her society defines it. She finds joy in nature and thinking rather than just existing. 

What are some quotes from Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer that prove that Chris McCandless is a pilgrim?

I can't prove that he is a pilgrim, but I can give some supporting quotes to that concept.  About halfway through the book, author John Krakauer contemplates the mystery that is Chris McCandless.  He writes the following quote:

McCandless was something else—although precisely what is hard to say. A pilgrim, perhaps.

Krakauer then weaves in further hints that McCandless is a pilgrim or very much like historical figures that were pilgrims.  Take this one for example:

His ambivalence toward sex echoes that of celebrated others who embraced wilderness with single-minded passion—Thoreau (who was a lifelong virgin) and the naturalist John Muir, most prominently— to say nothing of countless lesser-known pilgrims, seekers, misfits, and adventurers.

The above quote explicitly links McCandless with other wilderness pioneers/pilgrims.  Thoreau and Muir weren't anti-society, but they most definitely found an inner peace by existing in harmony with nature and the land.  They found it spiritual, and that is what McCandless felt as well.  The following quote is from McCandless in his letter to Ronald Franz.  

The very basic core of a man’s living spirit is his passion for adventure. The joy of life comes from our encounters with new experiences, and hence there is no greater joy than to have an endlessly changing horizon, for each day to have a new and different sun.

Another quote that shows Krakauer directly linking McCandless with pilgrims is the following quote from Paul Shepherd.  

To the desert go prophets and hermits; through deserts go pilgrims and exiles.

At the time the quote appears in the book, the quote doesn't seem to apply to McCandless; however, at the end of Chapter Four, it is obvious that McCandless is the desert pilgrim that the quote speaks about.  

Give an example of a person who demonstrates principle-based ethics. How do this person’s actions reflect a highly developed moral reasoning?

A person who embodies principle-based ethics usually subscribes to a set of moral givens which are subsequently reflected in their behavior. For example, the principles outlined in the Ten Commandments, or even the Golden Rule, guide an individual when making morally sound decisions. Within a professional context, we can see this illustrated in the actions of a high school teacher. Since teachers generally function within the constructs of principle-based ethics, many of the overarching ideals embedded within the educational system focus on issues of access and fairness for students, with teachers who (ideally) act as facilitators of these very values.

Moral reasoning comes to the forefront when a teacher is confronted with inequity, particularly when he/she notices certain students who may not have access to books, supplies, or support. Thus, within the framework of principle- based ethics, a teacher would immediately feel obligated to help these students in that offering such help would embody the right (or just) action, even if doing so had negative consequences. 

While the principle approach provides concrete parameters with respect to behavior, at times such an approach fails to consider situational variances. In addition, people who solely rely on principal-based ethics may be stubborn and/or inflexible, both of which do not contribute to the greater good. 

What is digital communication ?

Digital communication is communication through communication systems that first convert output into binary sequence and then convert that binary sequence into a form suitable for transmission over particular physical media such as cable, twisted wire pair, optical fiber, or electromagnetic radiation through space. (Robert Gallager, MIT OpenCourseWare)

Digital communication is the art of communicating via the onslaught of various technological advances, many in the for of "apps", or applications, for smart phone usage.  Communication by computer in the form of email, power point presentations, or lesson presentation all fit within the parameter of digital communication.  So do texting, tweeting, instagramming, and veritable plethora of modern communication techniques employed by up to 90% of the public today.  Not only are we able to text each other, we are also able to video chat with each other, a concept that once only existed in the Sunday comic strips version of Dick Tracy, with his fancy "two-way wrist radio."  Applications like Facebook and the cloud have replaced more traditional methods of communication, such as the telephone and the telegraph.  Newspapers have even resorted to online digital versions, as subscriptions to "hard copy" newspapers have declined over the past decade.

How does Chaucer use irony and satire in the characterization of the Monk and Friar in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?

Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, written in the fourteenth century, is notable for several reasons, one of which is his satirical look at some aspects of English society in his time.

One of Chaucer's most important satirical targets is the Church. During his lifetime, England was a Catholic country, so it was under a certain degree of influence from the Pope. This relationship was not always an amiable one, however, and the English authorities sometimes clashed with the Pope's policies. Some of England's disenchantment with Catholicism sprang from the corrupt practices of some church officials.

A monk is supposed to take a vow of poverty and live simply, devoting his life to God and study. Chaucer's Monk is not like that:

A Monk there was, one of the finest sort

Who rode the country; hunting was his sport,

A manly man, to be an Abbott able;

many a dainty horse he had in his stable.

This monk owns horses, fine clothes, and hunting weapons. He is most certainly not leading a monk's ascetic lifestyle.

The Friar is even worse. A friar's job to is to serve the poor as a representative of the Church. Chaucer's Friar is a most unsavory character:

He knew the taverns well in every town

And every innkeeper and barmaid too

Better than lepers, beggars and that crew,

For in so eminent a man as he

It was not fitting with the dignity

Of his position, dealing with scum

of wretched lepers;

The descriptions of both the Monk and Friar are ironic in that they are surprising because these characters are behaving in the opposite manner than we would expect. Satire is the use of humor to examine a weakness or fault. In The Canterbury Tales, the satire comes with Chaucer's subtle humor; he presents the transgressions of the Friar and Monk as though they were perfectly acceptable and normal, something the Church would be expected to approve of. In reality, they are perverting the mission of the Church: to serve the needy with a pious love of God and humanity.

What is the power of dreams in a Midsummer Night's Dream?

A Midsummer Night's Dream is one of Shakespeare's most famous, and funniest, plays. As the title suggests, dreams and dreaming play an important role in the narrative, and so dreams are probably the single most powerful force at work within Shakespeare's world. 

Much of the action revolves around a rotating cast of lovers and the disastrous love potion that causes the wrong people to fall in love with each other. The fairy king Oberon, along with his mischievous assistant, Puck, devise a potion that, when given to a sleeping person, will make him or her fall in love with the first thing he or she sees. Puck administers this love potion to three people - Lysander, Demetrius, and Titania - when he finds them sleeping in the fairy wood beyond Athens. Upon waking, they fall in love with the first people they see: Lysander and Demetrius with Helena, and Titania with the bumbling weaver, Bottom. What follows is a hilarious comedy of errors taking place entirely in a magical wood beyond the borders of civilization. Thus, the whole play takes on a dreamlike quality, as characters seem to drift through events taking place in an alternate universe, a made-up dream world of the mind.

Additionally, Shakespeare suggests that, in watching the play, his audiences are actually dreaming themselves. For example, Puck arrives at the end of the narrative to say:

If we shadows have offended,

Think but this, and all is mended,

That you have but slumb'red here

While these visions did appear

And this weak and idle theme,

No more yielding but a dream... (412-18)

In this otherworldly address, Puck suggests that the whole production has been a dream, and the characters were nothing more than shadows flitting across each audience member's subconscious. As such, Shakespeare tests the fabric separating dreams from reality, and it is unclear exactly where we are at the end of the play. It is this quality, more than anything else, that gives dreams such staggering power in Shakespeare's fairy world.   

How did the Reformation and the Enlightenment shape the development of Christianity in America?

Two important ways the Reformation and Enlightenment shaped the development of Christianity in America were by emphasizing the role of the individual's relationship with Christ and legitimizing the individual's ability to question religious authority.

Although many Protestant denominations emphasize the corporate (or communal) aspects of Christianity, the Reformation placed special emphasis on the individual's spiritual walk with Christ. Specifically, Martin Luther promoted the idea of the "priesthood of all believers," thus asserting the ability of lay people to interpret Scripture through the help of the Holy Spirit. Enlightenment ideas bolstered this emphasis by promoting the free agency of the individual.

The Enlightenment and Reformation also created a zeitgeist in which it was acceptable to question authority. The Reformation began because people such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Knox challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church to be the sole interpreter of Scripture. The Enlightenment promoted the use of reason and skepticism rather than blind faith. While individual Protestant denominations often resisted challenges to their authority (i.e. the Puritans in Massachusetts), the vast number of American Protestant denominations is indicative of the fact that most American Protestants feel justified in founding their own denominations to match their specific interpretations of Scripture.

What are three epic similes dealing with Part 1 of The Odyssey?

The first place to begin with trying to construct a simile is to consider the quality or behavior you are attempting to figuratively represent and figure out something else that has that quality or engages in that behavior.  Also, since we are supposed to support Odysseus, Telemachus, and Penelope in their loyalty and steadfastness and bravery, you'll want to form comparisons that are relatively positive in connotation.  

So, if your first simile should address Odysseus's skills in planning schemes, you might consider some other creature that is really skillful at planning.  One that comes to mind for me is a spider.  A spider seems to plan and create an intricate web with such ease; further, webs are incredibly strong and enable the spider's survival, just as his schemes are.  A spider seems like an excellent creature to serve as a comparison for Odysseus's skill in planning schemes.

Next, Penelope is patient and resourceful, so try to consider a creature that also has these qualities.  Perhaps a bird?  Birds make their homes from found items, and mother birds sit on their eggs, patiently waiting for them to hatch.  Penelope is likewise resourceful when protecting her home and family and is quite patient while waiting for her husband to return.

Likewise, think of a creature that is considered to be brave, as Telemachus is, and begin there.  Because Odysseus is compared to a lion via an epic simile in the text already, you might entertain the idea of comparing Telemachus to a lion cub, a younger animal who is nonetheless brave enough to take on other, full-grown animals (who would be the suitors in this simile).  

Give an example of a homozygous recessive genetic disorder.

One example of an autosomal recessive disorder is Cystic Fibrosis. Since Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive disease, in order to have the disease a person must inherit two copies of the recessive allele for the gene named CFTR. Cystic Fibrosis causes cells to not be able to transport salt in and out properly. This results in a build up of mucus on the outside of the cells, and it affects the lung cells the most. The lungs get clogged with mucus which not only affects breathing, but also causes them to become easily infected. Because of this, without treatment people with Cystic Fibrosis generally have shortened lifespans. 

As a recessive disorder, people who are heterozygous, and therefore carry one copy of the recessive allele, are carriers. They do not have the disease, but they can pass on their one recessive allele to children. If they have a child with someone who is also a carrier, there is a 25% chance of their child having Cystic Fibrosis. If instead they have a child with someone who is homozygous dominant for the CFTR gene, there is no chance that their child will have Cystic Fibrosis. This is why people who have a family history of Cystic Fibrosis may choose to consult a genetic counselor to determine the chances of passing on the disease to their children.

What does "those whose palm-kernels were cracked by a benevolent spirit should not forget to be humble" mean?

In chapter four of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is told this by an elder after he calls a fellow clansman a woman after the clansman contradicts him at a village meeting. Okonkwo callously tells a man who has no titles, and is therefore an agbala, that the current meeting was for men only. Okonkwo is quickly chastised by his fellow clansmen and must apologize to the man.

This piece of advice essentially means that a man who has been lucky and afforded opportunities by the gods should not be overconfident about his position in society. Indeed, the elder is implying that Okonkwo has been given some lucky breaks by his gods that the agbala Osugo has not been afforded. His gods have granted him certain positive aspects of his life, or, in other words, cracked some palm-kernels for him. The elder warns Okonkwo against his prideful attitude, which ultimately contributes to Okonkwo’s tragic end. He reminds Okonkwo to remain humble and grateful for the things his gods have granted him, and to be empathetic to the plights of others, especially those from a lower social ranking who have not been given the same opportunities from the gods.

Why is it necessary for this community to have a Receiver in The Giver?

The community has a Receiver of Memory to advise them on policy that requires knowledge of history.

The community has embraced a concept called Sameness, which means that all decisions are made for the citizens by the community.  In most cases this means that the Book of Rules determines how people go about their lives, but sometimes a committee of Elders needs to make decisions about whether or not rules will change.  If the committee is not sure what to do, they call upon the Receiver of Memory for advice.

The Receiver of Memory is the most important job in the community.  It is a position of great prestige, although The Giver explains to Jonas that prestige is not the same thing as power.

"But sir," Jonas suggested, "since you have so much power--"

The man corrected him. "Honor," he said firmly. "I have great honor. So will you. But you will find that that is not the same as power. …” (Ch. 11)

The Giver’s point is that people in the community respect him and sometimes ask him for advice, but he does not really have any direct impact on policy or decisions.  When the community has a question about what would be the best way to do something, they can ask him because he and he alone has the wisdom of generations.

The Receiver of Memory has memories from every generation back and back and back to the founding of the community.  Some of the information he needs is also found in the thousands of books that line the walls of his dwelling.  No one else in the community is allowed to have books other than rule books and instruction books. 

Alone among all of the members of the community, The Receiver of Memory is the only one who knows how to feel.  Other community members have no idea that the Receiver has emotions, because they do not know what real emotions are.  They have a vague concept of feelings, but these feelings are easily dismissed in morning and nightly rituals for the Telling of Feelings and Dreams.

The Giver explains to Jonas that the committee rarely asks for his advice, so that he can use the wisdom of the memories to tell them what to do.

"But it very seldom happens. Sometimes I wish they'd ask for my wisdom more often--there are so many things I could tell them; things I wish they would change. But they don't want change. Life here is so orderly, so predictable--so painless. It's what they've chosen." (Ch. 13)

The Giver gave Jonas an example of when the committee considered adding more population.  As part of Sameness, population is completely controlled and all people are genetically engineered.  There is no natural birth in the community.  Citizens take pills to prevent puberty, which they call Stirrings.  Fifty babies are born each year to women called Birthmothers, who have three babies but never see them.  Babies are raised by Nurturers and then placed in Family Units.

The Giver advised them to leave the numbers as they were.  This is because he had memories of hunger and warfare to advise him.  He did not think it would be good to add more people just so that there would be more labor, because more people would also strain the community’s resources.

What was the result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?

In the years preceding the Battle of Fallen Timbers, which took place in 1794, a large uprising of a confederation of Native Americans led by the Miami war chief Little Turtle, gripped the Ohio Valley. Two successive American military excursions against the Shawnee and the Miami met with almost total destruction. Finally, an army led by Anthony Wayne, hand-chosen by President Washington to lead the campaign, entered the Ohio Valley and met a force under Little Turtle at Fallen Timbers in modern-day Ohio. This time, the Americans won a major victory, quelling the uprising and opening the Ohio Valley to American settlement. With the Native confederacy essentially destroyed, its leaders agreed to the Treaty of Greenville, which recognized American ownership of lands formerly claimed by an array of Ohio Valley Indians. The battle also had the effect of ending British influence in the Ohio Valley, as the British had surreptitiously supported the Confederacy.

Why would Martin Luther support the Reformation?

It was the actions of Martin Luther, namely his public criticism of the Church practice of selling indulgences, that sparked the Protestant Reformation. So perhaps we should address Luther's criticisms of the Church and why he supported the reforms that would eventually explode into the Protestant Reformation. 

As a clergyman and a professor of divinity, Luther became convinced through his reading of the Bible that justification, or salvation, could only be based on faith. No amount of good works, including receiving the sacraments of the Church, could guarantee one's salvation. This was an idea that had been professed by prominent theologians before, notably Jan Hus (who was burned at the stake) in Bohemia. But Luther's criticism was more trenchant, attacking the sale of indulgences by greedy church representatives as emblematic of an abandonment of proper practices by the Church. His 95 theses, published in 1517, raised this point, and many others in a broad-ranging critique. Luther's criticisms found an eager audience in the German states, many of which were lead by princes and nobles eager to assert their independence from the Holy Roman Emperor and thus the Pope. The important point here is that Luther's emphasis on the importance of Scriptural authority in Church practice would become the foundation of the Protestant churches that formed in the wake of the Reformation. Luther's many other reforms, which included an end to celibacy by church officials (he himself married), the emphasis on a community of believers, and on lay literacy, all stemmed, in Luther's mind, from Scriptural authority, the only source for correct doctrine.

A 0.230 L sample of helium gas at 25.0°C is held in a container with a movable piston which maintains a constant pressure of 1.00 atm. If the gas...

This problem can be solved using Charles's Law, which states that the Kelvin temperature and the volume of a gas are directly related when the pressure is held constant. Mathematically, it's written as follows:

`V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2`

Rearranging to isolate V2 gives us

`V_2 = (V_1T_2)/T_1 `

V1 = 0.230 Liters

V2 = unknown

T1 = (25.0ºC + 273) = 298 K

T2 = (73ºC + 273) = 346 K

V2 = (0.230 L)(346 K)/(298 K)

V2 = 0.267 Liters

The pressure is given but isn't part of  the calculation because it remains constant. The moveable piston allows the pressure inside the cylinder to equalize with the pressure outside as the volume changes.

Celsius temperatures have to be converted to Kelvins for gas law calculations becasue the Celsius scale isn't proportioanal. 

`u = cos(pi/4)i + sin(pi/4)j, v = cos(pi/2)i + sin(pi/2)j` Find the angle theta between the vectors.

You need to use the formula of dot product to find the angle between two vectors, `u = u_x*i + u_y*j, v = v_x*i + v_y*j` , such that:

`u*v = |u|*|v|*cos(theta)`

The angle between the vectors u and v is theta.

`cos theta = (u*v)/(|u|*|v|)`

First, you need to evaluate the product of the vectors u and v, such that:

`u*v = u_x*v_x + u_y*v_y`

`u*v = cos(pi/4)*cos(pi/2) + sin(pi/4)*sin(pi/2)`

`u*v = cos(pi/2-pi/4) = sin pi/4 = sqrt2/2`

You need to evaluate the magnitudes |u| and |v|, such that:

`|u|= sqrt(cos^2(pi/4) + sin^2(pi/4)) => |u|= sqrt(1) =>|u|= 1`

`|v|= sqrt(cos^2(pi/2) + sin^2(pi/2)) => |v|= sqrt(1) =>|v|= 1`

`cos theta = (sqrt2/2)/(1*1) => cos theta = sqrt2/2 => theta = pi/4`

Hence, the cosine of the angle between the vectors u and v is `cos theta = sqrt2/2` , so, `theta = pi/4.`

How do Antigone and Creon show courage?

Antigone and Creon are opposed to each other in Antigone, but they both show their courage in a similar way. These characters represent different sides of a political dispute. Antigone values family, heritage, and a commitment to the gods. Creon values the state, patriarchy, and power. (These values have overlaps, but the perspectives of these characters are at odds with one another.) Ultimately, despite their conflict, the tactics used by Antigone and Creon are similar: both characters are firm in their perspective and unwavering to outside opinions. This is how these two characters show their courage.

Haimon, the son of Creon and lover of Antigone, has a famous line that is applicable to this situation: 

In flood time you can see how some trees bend, / And because they bend, even their twigs are safe, / While stubborn trees are torn up, roots and all. (Scene III)

Antigone and Creon are both stubborn. Neither are willing to admit there are impracticalities in their reasonings. Both characters end up suffering, and this can be attributed to their stubbornness and unwillingness to compromise. 

Who is Crispin's father?

Beware-- here comes a spoiler for the story! The question of Crispin's father is one of the driving conflicts in Avi's Crispin and the Cross of Lead.

Crispin has spent his whole life in a small village which caters to a manor house. He has never known his father, or even his own name, and his mother paid him very little attention. Everyone in town simply knew him as "Asta's Son," and when his mother died, Crispin's identity changed overnight. After Crispin is falsely accused of thievery and declared a Wolf's Head, he must go on the run. His one friend, Father Quinel, intends to prepare him for the journey by telling him some things about his mother and that his true name is "Crispin." Father Quinel is quite mysterious in talking about Asta and Crispin has the sense that he is not sharing the whole truth. But before Crispin can ask him for more detail, Father Quinel is killed.

Crispin carries with him both the new knowledge about his mother and a small, lead cross that once belonged to her. Though he cannot read the inscription on the cross, during his journey he meets several people who can read. One of them, Widow Daventry, explains that the cross reads, "Crispin-- Son of Furnival," meaning he is the heir to Lord Furnival's estate! Crispin comes to realize that he never knew his father because Asta and Lord Furnival could not be together in marriage. 

What rhyme scheme is used in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening?"

Whose woods these are I think I know.      A
His house is in the village, though;            A
He will not see me stopping here               B
To watch his woods fill up with snow.         A

My little horse must think it queer              B
To stop without a farmhouse near              B
Between the woods and frozen lake            C
The darkest evening of the year.                B

He gives his harness bells a shake              C
To ask if there is some mistake.                 C
The only other sound's the sweep               D
Of easy wind and downy flake.                   C

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,         D
But I have promises to keep,                     D
And miles to go before I sleep,                   D
And miles to go before I sleep.                   D

The rhyme scheme in the first stanza is AABA. In the next stanza the poet picks up the B ("here") and the rhyme scheme for that stanza is BBCB. Then he picks up the C ("lake") and the rhyme scheme for the third stanza is CCDC. And the final stanza picks up the D ("sweep"). The final stanza is straight DDDD. The effect of this rhyme scheme seems to be to mimic the impression of gently falling snowflakes, and the final stanza seems to be intended to suggest the buildup of snow on the ground.

Of course, there is a great deal more to the poem than the impression of falling snowflakes, but the speaker does say that his purpose in stopping by these woods on a showing evening is to "watch his woods fill up with snow." So the reader may have the illusion of watching the falling snowflakes along with the speaker which is enhanced by the rhyme scheme. There is a definite falling effect in the AABA, BBCB, CCDC, and then an impression of deepening snow at the "bottom" of the poem. The snow is not falling heavily. The speaker describes the weather conditions as "easy wind and downy flake." The flakes are floating down slowly, and the rhyme scheme seems to suggest that familiar sight. The B in the first stanza might be considered a drifting snowflake which lingers throughout the second stanza, and so on. If the snow were falling heavily, the speaker probably would not have stopped there that night. 

The repetition of the words "And miles to go before I sleep" with the two D rhymes at the very end has suggested to some readers that the speaker is having sombre thoughts and might even be thinking of walking out into the beckoning woods and letting himself freeze to death. Frost repeatedly denied this. The thought that he has miles to go before he sleeps could also be interpreted to mean that he expects to have a long life ahead of him with many things he wishes to accomplish--which in fact was the case. He wrote the poem in 1922 and died in 1963. He was nearly eighty-nine years old.

When liquid evaporates, its molecules...

A liquid is an example of a fluid (apart from gas), and its composition is such that allows easy movement of its molecules. The molecules of a liquid are held together by cohesive forces which confines them within a restricted space. Each molecule possess different energy levels, and so, some are more energetic than the others. If the more energetic molecules come near the liquid surface, they can break away from the attractive forces of the other nearby molecules and escape into the air.

Thus, for any molecule to escape, it must be sufficiently energized at a particular temperature. Evaporation is simply the process that favors the escape of liquid molecules to becoming gaseous substances, occurring at a particular temperature. When a liquid evaporates, its molecules are unbounded from their former restricted state, and their overall kinetic energy increases greatly. Therefore, they will be able to move randomly without any restrictions.Evaporation of a liquid occurs at all temperatures but, the rate of evaporation increases with increase in temperature.

Read between the lines. What is the hidden meaning in the following set of lines? Proctor: It is a whore! Danforth: You charge--?...

To answer this question regarding the subtleties and allusions in Arthur Miller's play The Crucible, let's go line by line!

Proctor: It is a whore!

Note that Proctor dehumanizes Abigail by referring to her as "it," an objectifying and asexual pronoun. This could be read multiple ways: Puritan rejection of sexuality and its associations with sin/evil; Abigail's characterization as inhuman and evil; etc. 

Danforth: You charge--?

Danforth cannot even finish his question here, which indicates a wealth options for the actor's tone. Note the punctuation, which could read as shock, interrogative, anger, disbelief, and more. 

Abigail: Mr. Danforth, he is lying!

In a note of irony here, Abigail claims Proctor is lying, while in reality his statement is one of the few true ones presented in the court. 

Proctor: Mark her. Now she’ll suck a scream to stab me with but—

Miller's strong imagery here makes Abigail's words, and therefore her power, physical. Her screams will, according to John, "stab," presenting real and lasting impact that supports the real, lasting impact Abigail's words have had in the court preceding this point. 

Danforth: You will prove this! This will not pass!

Abigail's power is endangered when Danforth entertains this as a reality. This is a tangible shift, and a dangerous one for her. 

Proctor: I have known her, sir. I have known her.

Biblically, "known" means to have sexual relationships with another person. 

What are some examples that help prove Atticus's statement, “Our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal,”...

In Chapter 20 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus states in his closing remarks to the jury that, in the U.S., "our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal." Prior to this statement, Atticus argues that not all men are created equal in the ideological sense we would like to believe, because some are more intelligent; some are less so; some are born poor; some are born rich; and some are more or less talented, etc. However, the U.S. court system ensures equality for two different reasons.

First, the U.S. court brings all men—rich or poor—to a state of humility when charged with a crime, especially those wrongly accused. Those wrongly accused, like Tom Robinson, must rely on the judgements of others, not their own judgements, to be acquitted of their charge, and being reliant upon others fits the very definition of humility. Hence, Robinson serves as one example proving that "courts are the great levelers" since he, like all accused, had to enter the court in a state of humility. Similarly, when Atticus exposes Bob Ewell's guilt through cross-examination, Ewell is likewise brought to a state of humility.

Second, the US courts are the great equalizers because our system is based on the presumption of innocence, which asserts that a "defendant is innocent until proven guilty" ("Presumption of Innocence," Wex, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School). Since all defendants—rich or poor—are believed to be innocent until the court can prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, all men charged with a crime enter the court in an equal state of innocence. Unfortunately, this was not the case for Tom Robinson due to racial prejudices. As Scout later explains after reading Mr. Underwood's editorial, in "the secret courts of men's hearts," Robinson was always presumed to be guilty, not innocent, merely because he was African-American (Ch. 25).

While there are no examples of the presumption of innocence correctly being utilized in To Kill a Mockingbird, one can look at any U.S. court case to see the presumption of innocence playing out in favor of the accused, especially the first case that set the precedence for presumption of innocence, Coffin vs. United States in 1895.

What chapter in Lord of the Flies do the boys became savage?

One could argue that the boys always possess savagery, and it was the removal of society's confines that allowed it to emerge. However, if one chapter needed to be identified as the point in which the savagery emerges, chapter three would be a clear example. 

Chapter three begins with a physical description of Jack:

Jack was bent double. He was down like a sprinter, his nose only a few inches from the humid earth. The tree trunks and the creepers that festooned them lost themlves in a green dusk thirty feet above him, and all about was the undergrowth. There was only the faintest indication of a trail here; a cracked twig and what might be the impression of one side of a hoof. He lowered his chin and stared at the traces as though he would force them to speak to him. Then dog-like, uncomfortably on all fours yet unheeding his discomfort, he stole forward five yards and stopped. Here was loop of creeper with a tendril pendant from a node. The tendril was polished on the underside; pigs, passing through the loop, brushed it with their bristly hide.

 Jack crouched with his face a few inches away from this clue, then stared forward into the semi-darkness of the undergrowth. His sandy hair, considerably longer than it had been when they dropped in, was lighter now; and his bare back was a mass of dark freckles and peeling sunburn. A sharpened stick about five feet long trailed from his right hand, and except for a pair of tattered shorts held up by his knife-belt he was naked. He closed his eyes, raised his head and breathed in gently with flared nostrils, assessing the current of warm air for information. The forest and he were very still.

Jack's position on all fours and his nostrils flaring to smell the air for evidence of pig is not how a civilized English boy would hunt. He has lost most of his clothing at this point. This represents the shedding of the authority of his previous life. He was a choir leader and clung to his uniform in chapter one, despite the oppressive heat. By chapter three he no longer values the authority given to him by civilized society. The way Jack drags his spear behind him is very savage when compared to the pomp of an English hunting outfit. 

When Jack encounters pig droppings and is excited, his decent into savagery is clear. The civilized reader is revolted by the detailed description of the droppings' color, texture and temperature. This can be compared to Jack's excitement over the discovery and used to exemplify his change in state. 

What are the section summaries for the book Harvest Of Empire by Juan Gonzalez?

The wording of your question is a bit hard to surmise, but my guess is that you are wanting a summary of the three different sections of the book Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America including the different chapters. In regards to this, the three sections are as follows:  Part 1 (Roots), Part 2 (Branches), and Part 3 (Harvest).

Part 1 is aptly named "Roots" because it is about how all of this began.  The first chapter called "Conquerors and Victims" is about how Hispanics originally formed the American image from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.  It begins with this quote by Castillo:

The arrival of European explorer to American began the most astounding and far-reaching encounter between cultures in the history of civilization.

European explorers, then can be credited with the creation of the Hispanic community in America. The Aztecs, sickness, and the Church are all discussed.  The next chapter is about the "Spanish Borderlands" and the empire made as a result.  Part one ends with a discussion about “Banana Republics and Bonds” and has to do with Hispanic culture up until 1950. 

Part 2 is named "Branches" because it talks about the literal branches that resulted in the offshoots of the Hispanic culture of the Americas.  The chapters are named from each branch:  Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Cubans, Dominicans, Central Americans, and Columbians.  Each different cultural branch is discussed in turn, with one branch acting more like refugees while another acts more like citizens.  All of the the branches, however, are vowing to combat division and racism.

Part 3 is called "Harvest" and speaks of the time up until the present day.  The issues involved are many and varied.  The chapters reveal this fact.  The chapters range from Latinos in politics, to old and new immigrants, to the speaking of the Spanish language in America, to free trade agreements, and to Puerto Rico being a special case in regards to its title and citizenship.

In conclusion, the author ties it all nicely together by naming the sections in order of the growing of a vast tree:  "Roots," "Branches," and "Harvest."  It brings the image of a "family tree" to mind, and asks readers to connect all Hispanic Americans in that way.  It is a good history of Hispanic culture in America.

I don't understand Norman Silver's poem "The Pigeon." How can a pigeon's father be standing outside his house waiting for a train?

Your question refers to some of the figurative language that is used in this poem. The poem is about humans rather than actual pigeons, but the poet uses the word "pigeon" in his description of the child in order to make us think of the child in a particular way. For example, if we try to imagine a real pigeon in our minds, we probably visualize a small, grey bird. Often times people consider pigeons to be pests that are underfoot all the time. If the child in the poem is being made to feel like a pigeon, then perhaps the poet is trying to say that he feels small and like people just want him to get out of their way. The color of a pigeon may also be meaningful here. Grey is gloomy and dull, and so is the situation of a child whose father is "leaving" under the circumstances in the poem. The line about being "Perched on a high ledge" also brings to mind some thoughts about how the child feels. Perching is not the most stable way of sitting somewhere, and a high ledge would probably be a frightening place for a child to be. These descriptions paint a rather sad picture overall.

As the father leaves with his "tormented suitcase", the human child is left behind. Perhaps this scene describes a father leaving, but perhaps it may even hold a deeper meaning if it is considered to represent the relationship of the child to his father. The "attic room" the child sits in may be his mind, and the father's departure may represent a disconnect in their relationship. Poetry is often subjective, so your interpretation of it may depend on how you look at what the poet has described. After considering that the speaker of the poem is not really a bird, you can begin to examine what he is thinking and feeling in his self-description of being pigeon-like.

What does Atticus say is a great leveler?

Atticus Finch states that "courts are the great levelers" (To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 20). People are given the right to a fair trial by jury in the U.S. Constitution. He says that this is the only way in that all people have some level of equality. Even in segregated Alabama, a black man was able to go to court and have a trial. Atticus states that it does not matter whether it is a small town courthouse or the U.S. Supreme Court. Trial by jury still gives all people a small level of equality. Before stating this, Atticus acknowledges that people are born different. Some are smarter or more talented than others. Some people are born into privilege, while others are not. Despite this, he recognizes the opportunity that the court system gives. He knows that the system in imperfect, despite this. Atticus states how he feels about the court being a leveler. He finds it to be "one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president."

What does the poet Thomas Moore mean by "Ere slumber's chain has bound me" in the poem "Oft, in the stilly night"?

In this poem, Moore writes about the thoughts and memories that crowd his mind before he falls asleep at night. The phrase in question means that these memories come to him before--"ere"--he falls asleep--in other words, before "slumber" overtakes him. When he says sleep or slumber's chain has bound him, he refers to the way sleep holds us in place and controls our thoughts. What Moore focuses on is the liminal space between being absorbed by all the worries and tasks of daily life and being "dead to the world" in sleep.

In those moments before sleep, the past comes flooding into Moore's mind. At first, good--"fond"-- memories of his boyhood come back to him. But then, as he remembers how heartbreak and death have hit people he knew in happier days, the memories become darker. 

In the second stanza, he likens the friends he once knew, all linked together as if to one tree, to fallen leaves. The old days are gone and won't come back, so "sad memory" fills the poet's mind until he drifts off into slumber's chains. 

What is attachment theory?

Attachment theory in psychology is the attempt to examine the connection between how young people connect with their parents and the impact it has on their social development.  The theory states that the attachment of babies to their parents is a natural occurrence, but one that is necessary.  If the connection is not forged in infancy, the child may have issues with trust and development later in life.  John Bowlby is the father of attachment theory and developed his theory in the late 1960's.  Bowlby felt that children that did not develop this attachment were less likely to take risks necessary for learning. They become fearful and isolated.  Mary Ainsworth was able to support this theory by observing and studying attachment behaviors that infants exhibited if their attachment needs were not being met.  She concluded that these behaviors are natural and innate and form a survival mechanism for the child. More recently, attachment theory has been applied to study relationships that are formed by adults.

I need to write a comparison/contrast essay using 2 poems/sonnets from William Shakespeare, Sir Thomas Wyatt, or Andrew Marvell. What are some...

One possible choice would be to compare and contrast Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" and William Shakespeare's Sonnet 116. We can examine each one as an individual before comparing and contrasting.

Shakespeare's Sonnet 116 is one of Shakespeare's more straightforward and famous sonnets. In this sonnet, the speaker declares that love is firm, unmoving and an ever-fixed mark. Shakespeare begins the sonnet by stating that love is eternal. This message resonates with many contemporary audiences, and many marketers use this idea in commercials or ads for products like diamonds or romantic cruises. (Think of the "Love is Forever" diamond jewelry from Kohl's, for instance.) Typically, Shakespearean sonnets will flip in the final couplet, often imposing a sneaky message that subverts the entire tone or direction of the sonnet. In this instance, however, Shakespeare remains sincere to his message. He declares that if this is not true, then he is not a writer. In this way, Sonnet 116 stands out in its sincerity.

Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" is a poem whose speaker describes a mistress to which he is sexually attracted. He describes the attraction, pointing out that both of them could wait ages to act on their desires for one another. "Coy" is an important word here, as it describes the mistress' unwillingness to act on her feelings. Interestingly, Marvell switches tone halfway through the poem. Midway, Marvell describes how they do not have forever, and that their bodies will eventually wither away. Instead, Marvell claims they should "at once our time devour / Than languish in ... slow-chapped power." It is a cheeky poem that opens up to being more sexual by its close. 

Shakespeare's sonnets typically take on a tone similar to Marvell's. Sonnet 116, however, is different. Sonnet 116 is a sincere, straightforward moment for Shakespeare, a writer who is usually more crafty and subversive. Marvell's poem is closer to Shakespeare's usual tone. 

An essay could explore these poems and talk about the subversive, often sexual nature of both of these writers. Specifically, you could explore how Sonnet 116 stands out as a unique Shakespearean poem.  

In the story "Once Upon A Time," what things does the family do to protect itself and what are the consequences?

Nadine Gordimer's short story "Once Upon A Time" reveals the tragedy behind a family's attempts to protect itself from an unknown and unrecognizable threat. In South Africa, historically, it is not unusual for people to take extraordinary steps to secure their properties and to protect themselves from criminal elements in society. In so doing, however, these people often overlook any other threats such as family discord, misunderstanding and even physical dangers. In the story, it is a barbed wire fence which is responsible for the tragedy, and in reality it is often guns and other weapons or self-defense mechanisms which maim and kill children in tragic family accidents. 

The family in Gordimer's short story who already have insurance, a fenced-in swimming pool and so on decide to install electronically-controlled gates as their first precaution against the threat from outside. The maid then pleads with the family to install burglar bars on the doors and windows and an alarm system. Next the wall is raised but the sight of the cat scaling the wall means the family still do not feel safe so they install razor wire: "razor-bladed coils." The little boy is so inspired by the fact that, to him, the razor wire looks just like a "thicket of thorns," and so he pretends to be the prince in "Sleeping Beauty." The consequences of the family's actions in concentrating on only one threat in its life are so severe that soon the little boy is nothing more than "a bleeding mass."  

What is the border of Elsewhere and the community called in The Giver?

The boundary itself does not have a name. Even the world beyond does not have a name - it is simply "Elsewhere."  Although "Elsewhere" is referred to multiple times in the book, the boundaries or borders of the actual community and "Elsewhere" are not discussed.

As Jonas and the Giver plan Jonas's escape, we begin to learn a bit more about their world, but not much. We know that the Giver periodically travels to nearby communities, so we know there are other communities like Jonas's, but we do not know how many there are or how much area they cover.

Once Jonas begins his "journey to Elsewhere" as he calls it, he has to travel really far. He bikes for days before finally saying in Ch. 23, "Yet he felt it; felt that Elsewhere was not far away." By this time, however, he has already been experiencing weather and landscapes—things which he had not experienced in his community. So, this blurs the line a bit for readers, who have to then wonder where his community's control ends and where "Elsewhere" begins. Is "Elsewhere" only where other people are outside of the community? Or just anywhere outside of the strict control of Jonas's community? That is never made clear.

What are some examples of how Lennie is a hard worker but also a dangerous man?

Lennie is most definitely a hard worker.  This is the key to his survival, and George knows that if Lennie is given a chance to show his willingness to work, his disabilities might be overlooked.  In their first meeting with the boss the conversation reflects this attitude:

The boss pointed a playful finger at Lennie. "He ain't much of a talker, is he?"

"No, he ain't, but he's sure a hell of a good worker. Strong as a bull."

Lennie smiled to himself. "Strong as a bull," he repeated.

After his first day in the fields, Slim comments on Lennie's desire to please with his hard work:

“Say, you sure was right about him. Maybe he ain’t bright, but I never seen such a worker. He damn near killed his partner buckin’ barley. There ain’t nobody can keep up with him. God awmighty, I never seen such a strong guy.” 

But as both these quotes demonstrate, Lennie's work ethic is always tied to his almost supernatural strength.  While he has a pure and gentle heart, his strength causes him to do unintentional harm on several occasions, beginning with the mice he likes to carry in his pocket:

"They was so little," he said apologetically. "I’d pet ‘em, and pretty soon they bit my fingers and I pinched their heads a little and then they was dead—because they was so little."

This event is mirrored later in the book after Lennie is given a puppy:

"He was so little," said Lennie. "I was jus playin’ with him… an’ he made like he’s gonna bite me… an’ I made like I was gonna smack him … an’… an’ I done it. An’ then he was dead."

His accidental violence is, unfortunately, not limited to animals.  When Curley takes his frustration out on Lennie after being embarrassed by the other men in the bunkhouse, Lennie responds:

Curley’s fist was swinging when Lennie reached for it. The next minute Curley was flopping like a fish on a line, and his closed fist was lost in Lennie’s big hand. 

Lennie's ultimate act of violence, though--the one that led to his inevitable death--is against Curley's wife:

And she continued to struggle, and her eyes were wild with terror. He shook her then, and he was angry with her. “Don’t you go yellin’,” he said, and he shook her; and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck.

While Lennie is incredibly strong and is able to channel that strength into his work on the fields, he can not contain it when in stressful situations.  His mental incapacities will not allow him the ability to see past his present circumstances to understand the consequences of his actions. 

According to Kipling in his poem of the same name, what was the "white man's burden?"

Rudyard Kipling wrote “The White Man’s Burden” as a way to give advice to people in the United States when they took the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.  Kipling felt that this was the first time that the United States had become an imperial power and he wanted to share what he felt was his wisdom on the issue.  In this poem, he tries to warn the Americans about what they are in for.  What they are in for is the white man’s burden.

In general, the white man’s burden is the difficulty of having an empire.  It is the set of problems that is associated with trying to civilize the people of the country that you are taking over.  This is called the white man’s burden because it is white people who have to (in Kipling’s view) go out and try to civilize the non-white people of the world.  It is a burden because civilizing those people is difficult and thankless.

There are many specific things that Kipling refers to that are parts of the white man’s burden.  The people they are trying to civilize are “fluttered” and “wild.”  They are “half-devil and half-child.”  They will resent the white people even as the whites work hard to help them.  They prefer their “loved Egyptian night” to the new (and better) ways that the whites bring.  When the whites have worked hard and have almost reached their goals, the “sloth and heaven folly” of the non-whites will ruin everything. 

These are some of the details of the white man’s burden.  But they are just the details.  The main idea is that the white man’s burden is the set of difficulties that the white people will have to deal with as they try to civilize the non-white people in their empire.

How did the role of women change during the high middle ages?

During the High Middle Ages, women began to have a more important role in society partly because of the Church's endorsement of marriage as a sacrament - i.e. an outward sign of a spiritual truth through which God reveals himself. This idea of marriage as a sacrament was really propounded upon by Saint John Chrysostom, who even went on to say that marriage was what holds society together ("Homily on Marriage"). Of course, Saint John was significantly earlier than the high middle ages, but during that time period, churches were the central guiding force within the towns and therefore set the tone for the way life functioned.
Additionally, the rise of convents and monasteries was at its height during the middle ages and that also gave women a new high place in society which was formerly reserved for men. Although women had taken vows of celibacy very early on in history, it wasn't until the middle ages that they began to practice monastic aestheticism, which is what has led to modern monasticism. The rise of female monasticism in both the eastern and western world also led to the rise of female sainthood, which furthered the reverences place of women in the church.
In the political sphere, the middle ages had a number of empresses, especially in the eastern empire, come into power. In The Chronographia, written by Michael Psellus around the twelfth century, five out of the sixteen rulers he discusses were women. Although the rulers Psellus discusses ruled during the earlier middle ages, the trend did continue throughout the period, giving rise to a new area of life for women: politics.
So, although women's station was certainly not up to 21st century standards during the middle ages, the time period did bring about a more reverenced place for women in society through both the church and the state.

If you're interested in reading more about women in power, check out Women and Power in the Middle Ages by Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski. It's a great read.

Why can't we transfer files from an Apple laptop to other laptops?

It is sometimes possible to transfer files from an Apple computer to a computer with a different operating system (such as Windows or a Chrome OS), depending on the file type. Files that are composed primarily or entirely of text are the easiest files to open on different platforms. Apple’s Pages program allows users to save files in Microsoft’s “docx” format so that they can be opened on a computer that runs Windows. Apple’s Keynote and Numbers programs also allow files to be saved in Microsoft’s file formats to be opened in Powerpoint and Excel respectively.

You will want to go to File- Export, and the specify the file type you want to save to and the location you want the new file to be exported to. What changes you make to the default export settings will depend on the file type and what kind of program you want to use to open the file later. There are several tutorials available on Youtube that show the step-by-step process of saving your documents in a Windows-friendly file format.

How did religion impact the culture of Colonial America?

Generally speaking, Colonial America would not have existed if not for religion. It was to escape religious persecution that the Puritans left England for the New World. They decided to settle in North America in what would eventually become the eastern United States. The Puritans were a sect of Christianity that sought to split from the Anglican church. In the American colonies, there was a general expectation that citizens would follow strict religious observances. But, as with the differences that caused tension in England, newcomers to the colonies sometimes sought to establish or follow religious paths that differed from the prevalent denominations. In some cases such dissenters faced the same sort of persecution in the colonies they had sought to escape by leaving England. 

The difficult living conditions (harsh climate, inability to maintain livelihoods at the level they did in England) in the colonies were exacerbated by these religious tensions. In some communities, resentment toward clergy was strong (since citizens were required to pay part of their taxes to support clerical salaries, even if the citizens did not follow those particular church's teachings). In Salem Village near Boston, these tensions were also affected by deep superstitions about witchcraft and magic, and eventually led to the accusations, imprisonment and execution of eighteen citizens for the crime of witchcraft.

There was also a relative shortage of clergymen, and some rural communities were so spread out that any kind of regular church attendance or solidity of a religious community was difficult to establish. But expectations of "moral" behavior were widespread, and activities such as drinking, gambling and infidelity were frowned upon as being sinful, especially on the Sabbath day, and many communities passed laws to reflect this belief. Some of these so-called "blue laws" stayed on the books in Massachusetts well into the 20th century.

What are some of the informal ways in which governors exercise control over state legislature?

There are several ways a governor can informally influence the state legislature. One way is to threaten to veto a bill that crosses the Governor’s desk that the Governor doesn’t support. Sometimes the threat of veto will cause the state legislature to modify the legislation on which it is working to satisfy the Governor’s concerns or wishes.

The Governor can informally influence the state legislature by discussing ideas and projects in the State of the State address. If these ideas or projects are popular, there may be pressure on the state legislature to act upon these ideas.

The Governor can issue or threaten to issue an executive order to accomplish something if the legislature doesn’t act upon the issue. These orders can cover many situations. For example, the executive orders might help deal with emergencies, or they may focus on hiring or not hiring state workers.

Governors may use the line-item veto if they have that power. This power allows the Governor to strike words or sentences from proposed laws. The state legislature needs to consider the wishes of the Governor to avoid the broad use of the line-item veto. The use of the line-item veto can significantly alter the meaning of proposed laws.

The Governor could call a special session of the state legislature if the state legislature doesn’t act upon an issue that the Governor feels is important. This could put pressure on the state legislature to act upon an issue during its regularly scheduled session. Calling a special session is an added expense for the state. It may also be an inconvenience for the state legislators.

The Governor has many methods he can use or threaten to use to informally influence the legislative branch of the state government. Governors, in the past, have used many of these methods to get certain ideas and goals accomplished.

In "The Devil and Tom Walker," why was Tom set against being a slave trader for his end of the bargain?

Before the devil agrees to give Tom his treasure, he wants to ensure that the money will be used "in his service". To this end he suggests that Tom use the money to buy and operate a slaving ship. The narrator notes that while Tom was a morally questionable character even he wouldn't stoop to the level of being a slave trader. Tom refuses to become a slave trader because he considers the practice morally objectionable. Ultimately, Tom and the devil reach an agreement that he will use the money that he gets from the treasure in order to set up shop as a usurer or money lender in Boston. Tom's refusal to become a slave trader ultimately serves two purposes in the story. This refusal provides a moment of wry humor in the story as the narrator jokes that even the despicable Tom Walker wouldn't willingly become a slave trader. The other purpose of this refusal is to attack the practice of slavery and the slave trade by casting it as the devil's preferred occupation and as being too horrible for Tom.

In "The Outcasts of Poker Flat," why does Mr. Oakhurst try to push the group to continue toward Sandy Bar?

When the outcasts are first kicked out of Poker Flat, Bret Harte notes, "The road to Sandy Bar...lay over a steep mountain range.  It was distant a day's severe travel.  In that advanced season, the party soon passed out of the moist, temperate regions of the foot-hills into the dry, cold, bracing air of the Sierras.  The trail was narrow and difficult."  

First, the fact that the group has to travel over a steep mountain range is enough of a hurdle for anyone, and this group of misfits is not exactly happy about having to leave, so they tend to drag their feet.  Harte also notes how severe the travel will be, and with two women in the group, it is not expected that they will be able to handle the severity of the traveling conditions.  As well, Harte notes that it is "advanced season," meaning that it is likely closer to winter, thus the mountain will be snowy and even harsher to cross than they might in the summer.  Everything about the description of the path from Poker Flat to Sandy Bar seems difficult and arduous.  Mr. Oakhurst knows that if the group cannot get to Sandy Bar in a timely manner, they are ill-equipped to survive in the wilderness.  However, being a gentleman that he is, he also refuses to leave the women in the group to handle the situation on their own, thus he stays with the group when the Duchess halts around noon, declaring that she cannot go any further.

At what temperature does fat freeze?

This is a great question, but unfortunately one that does not have a solid answer.

Fats can have differing chemical makeups, depending on the types of fatty acids they're composed of and whether any other substances (like water) are a part of the mix. For example, a stick of butter like you might have in your refrigerator will have a little bit of water or whey left from the process of churning milk to separate butterfat. If you try to freeze a stick of butter, it will work, but in a two-step process. First, any remaining water in the stick of butter will freeze solid at about 32F or 0C. At this point, the butter will not seem entirely frozen solid and can be pierced with a knife, if with some difficulty. At a much colder temperature (which varies depending on the makeup of the fatty acids in the butter), the soft butterfat will freeze solid like ice. This second step involves the structure of the fatty molecules shifting from a looser liquid to a rigid, crystallized state. Freezing and thawing butter can result in a grainy or unpleasant texture because there are both crystals of water (or whey) and fats breaking up in the process.

Some people will refer to the temperature at which fats and oils solidify as the freezing point, but this is really just the first step in freezing. Oils and fats have much slower freezing processes than water because of their molecular makeup. Fat molecules, unlike water molecules, are not polar, so their attraction to each other is much weaker and causes them to move about (and crystallize) more slowly. If you have ever worked with fats or oils that have been in the refrigerator, you may find that they are solid and opaque, but still spreadable. Because the fat is spreadable, it's not quite frozen yet.

In recent years, many people have turned to a process called cryolipolysis or "fat freezing" to remove unwanted fat from the body. The idea behind this is that chilling body fat to a temperature which initiates the freezing process of fat but does not damage skin is ideal for breaking down fatty tissue in the body. The temperature range for such procedures is typically 23F/-5C to -4F/-20C. From this, we can infer that human fat freezes in this temperature range. The range may account for water content in the body and resistance to thermal change in the tissues due to body heat.

Describe Rip Van Winkle's appearance.

Irving doesn't provide much physical description of Rip, focusing instead on his character, which is happy-go-lucky, beloved of children, and lazy. We know the young Rip is strong enough to carry children on his back and that the women of the village take his side against his scolding, nagging wife, which might suggest he is decent looking--in any case, it suggests he is a pleasant enough fellow and that his wife is not well liked. Rip tends to stroll about rather than move at a fast pace, he carries a gun with him, and he wears old clothes because it doesn't much matter to him what he puts on as long as he doesn't have to work too hard.

After he sleeps for twenty years, he is stiffer than he was before, and his beard has grown a foot long and turned gray. 

Irving gives us much more detailed descriptions of peripheral characters, such as the magical people in the woods who send Rip to sleep for 20 years, than he does of Rip. Irving seems to have done this on purpose, deliberately leaving it up to readers to conjure their own visions of how the young and old Van Winkle would have appeared. This is not unusual for the period: Jane Austen also often leaves it up to the reader to supply the specific details of the appearances of her main characters, such as Darcy and Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice. 

What were two of the factors that helped the industries of the United States

Two of the main factors that facilitated the growth of American industry, especially from the middle of the 19th century to the early years of the 20th century, were the industrial revolution and the country's wealth in natural resources.

Citing the industrial revolution as a factor in the growth of industry may seem tautological. The reason it is listed here, though, is because industries, like logging and mining, were not reliant on the development of new technologies and means of production. The industrial revolution, therefore, is not necessarily synonymous with the growth of American industry. It was, however, the development of certain means of production like Eli Whitney's cotton gin, which was developed late in the 18th century, that enabled the development of the kinds of industry that were both inherently dependent upon technology and that enabled the spectacular growth of additional types of industry. The American South survived as a major producer of textiles, for example, right up until the latter part of the 20th century due to the innovations that characterized the industrial revolution. Similarly, up north, in Michigan, the automotive industry grew exponentially due to the machinery and assembly-line methodology exploited by Henry Ford to churn out automobiles to feed the nation's growing hunger for mechanized means of transportation.

A second major factor in the growth of industry was the North American continent’s rich abundance of the raw materials and other natural resources, such as oil and coal, that were needed for the development of industry. The country’s wealth in iron ore and other metals vital to the production of many goods for both domestic consumption and export was key to the development and growth of many kinds of industry, with the oil and coal industries integral to the ability of other industries, such as agriculture and textiles, to get those goods to markets across the continent’s great expanse as well as across the oceans to markets overseas. In fact, so important to the growth of industry was the country’s abundance of natural resources that the decline in production of such resources has been felt in the weakening of many industries over the past 30 years. Look to China today for an idea of the importance of indigenous sources of raw materials for the development of a nation’s industrial base. China is lacking in many natural resources (with the notable exception of what are known as “rare earth minerals,” specific, difficult to find raw materials essential to modern industries like computing and telecommunications), so it expends considerable energy on developing economic relationships with countries rich in natural resources like in Africa to ensure a steady supply of raw materials to support Chinese factories.

One could also add to the list of major factors in the growth of industry the industriousness of the American labor force, innovativeness of American management, and the institutionalization of a political system that provided for considerable economic freedom. While the costs of that economic freedom are felt today in the environmental degradation that resulted from the industrial revolution, there is no question that a society built and sustained upon the notion of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” was instrumental in the industrialization of the United States.