Identify five process that use either exoosmosis or endoosmosis.

Osmosis is simply the movement of water from regions of low solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to regions of high solute concentration. The prefixes endo- and exo- mean 'in' and 'out', respectively. The terms endosmosis and exosmosis are used in biology to describe osmosis when it occurs through the semi-permeable cell membrane. So endosmosis is the flow of water into the cell and exosmosis is the flow of water out of the cell. 

Exosmosis and endosmosis are involved in many types of processes. The excretion of tears and other watery secretions of the body occurs by exosmosis. In plants, turgor pressure is formed by endosmosis and wilting occurs by exosmosis. Endosmosis occurs extensively in the intestines during the absorption of nutrients from food. Both endosmosis and exosmosis occur in the kidneys during the filtering process which produces urine.

Explain how in "Thank you, M'am" Mrs. Jones attempts to improve Roger's integrity through her actions.

Mrs. Jones attempts to improve Roger's integrity through her actions by physically forcing Roger ("[she] put a half-nelson about his neck") to witness and share in a different sort of life than the one he knows:

..."Ain’t you got nobody home to tell you to wash your face?"
   "No’m," said the boy. [...] "There’s nobody home at my house," said the boy.

Along with physically forcing her care upon him--along with dragging him home, making him supper and compelling him to wash his face and comb his hair in order to be "presentable"--Mrs. Jones also makes an example of her past life and her present life. She makes an example of herself by telling him that she too has wanted what she couldn't have: "I wanted things I could not get." She makes an example of her past life by telling him that she too has done wrong things that she is ashamed of: "I have done things, too, which I would not tell you, son—neither tell God...." She makes an example of her present life by telling him--as she would tell a respected equal--about her job at the late-night "hotel beauty-shop" where customers of all kinds come in:

[A]s they ate, she told him about her job in a hotel beauty-shop that stayed open late, what the work was like, and how all kinds of women came in and out, blondes, red-heads, and Spanish.

She also makes an example of her present life by sharing her food with him: "So you set down while I fix us something to eat." After setting the table and sharing her leftovers, what was stored in her "icebox" for her own supper ("She heated some lima beans and ham she had in the icebox"), she splits her own "ten-cent cake" in half to share with him:

...Then she cut him a half of her ten-cent cake.
   "Eat some more, son," she said.

It is important to understand what integrity is in order to understand how these actions might be attempts at improving Roger's integrity. Integrity is the state or condition of being true to a sound moral code and to a strong ethical code. Integrity is also called probity or honesty. Probity and honesty are qualities or states of truthfulness, honorableness, decency (or "presentableness"), dignity and sincerity. Mrs. Jones's actions, witnessed by Roger, demonstrate all these qualities, including honorableness, dignity and sincerity, which is especially evident at the moment when she hands Roger ten dollars then leads him to the door--fronting her "barren stoop" and the street--while admonishing him to behave himself: "Behave yourself, boy!"

   "Now, here, take this ten dollars and buy yourself some blue suede shoes. And next time, do not make the mistake of latching onto my pocketbook nor nobody else’s--...."

In Tuck Everlasting what is important in pages 50-65?

I hope that I get the correct section of the book that the question is referring to.  I'm not sure which edition of the text that you have, so mine might be a bit different.  In my text, pages 50-65 are chapters 10, 11, and 12.  

Chapter 10 is important, because Winnie gets to have some alone time with Mae.  The interaction is low key and not intimidating.  Mae explains how and why the Tuck family must be separated for years at a time.  The entire conversation serves to humanize Mae and her family, and Winnie is much less concerned about being at home and whether or not she has actually been kidnapped or not.  The other reason chapter 10 is important is because Winnie gets to snoop around the Tuck household.  It's a polar opposite from her home.  In fact, the Tuck household actually feels like more of a home than her own house.  

It was a whole new idea to her that people could live in such disarray, but at the same time she was charmed. It was . . . comfortable.

Chapter 11 is quite short and not a lot happens.  Winnie and the Tuck family sit together at the table and enjoy a meal together.  Winnie announces that she recognized the man in the yellow suit.  Angus Tuck announces that he will take Winnie out in the rowboat in order to explain their odd existence.  

"Hush," Tuck interrupted. "Everyone hush. I'll take Winnie rowing on the pond. There's a good deal to be said and I think we better hurry up and say it. I got a feeling there ain't a whole lot of time."

Honestly, I don't believe chapter 11 is that terribly important other than the fact that it serves as a transition between chapters 10 and 12.  

Chapter 12, I believe, is one of the most important chapters in the entire book.  In this chapter, Angus explains to Winnie what it really means to be immortal.  

"That's what us Tucks are, Winnie. Stuck so's we can't move on. We ain't part of the wheel no more. Dropped off, Winnie. Left behind. And everywhere around us, things is moving and growing and changing."

Angus explains to Winnie that the Tuck family has been removed from the normal cycle of life and death.  They are stuck.  That doesn't sound too bad until Angus explains that he feels that he is no longer actually living.  He explains that a person can't truly be alive and feel like they are living if death is never a possibility.  

"You can't have living without dying. So you can't call it living, what we got. We just are, we just be, like rocks beside the road."

Whoa.  That's deep.  It's clear that Angus wishes that he had never found the spring water, and he desperately needs Winnie to understand.

Chapter 12 also ends with an important detail.  The Tuck's immortal horse has been stolen. 

The correct formula for an ionic compound that obeys the octet rule is: NaO, KBr2, GaCI, AIF3, CaO2. Why?

The formula that is correct as written is aluminum fluoride, AlF3.  Aluminum is in the boron group, group thirteen, which has three electrons in it's outer energy level.  Aluminum is also classified as a metal, meaning it donates it's electrons to satisfy the octet rule, rather than trying to find five more to add to it's outer energy level.  Fluorine is a member of the halogen family, group seventeen.  All the members of the halogens have room for one electron to complete their outer electron energy level.  The halogens are also very electronegative, meaning they willingly take donations from electron donors.  The three fluorine atoms willing accept aluminum's three electrons, producing an aluminum ion (+3) and three fluorine ions (-1, each).  The oppositely charged ions attract each other in a strong bond known as an ionic bond to produce aluminum fluoride.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, what does Calpurnia look like and what is a quote about her appearance?

Calpurnia is the Finches’ African-American housekeeper. 

Calpurnia has been with the Finch family for a long time. She has raised Scout since she was a baby. Ever since Scout’s mother died, she is the only mother Scout has known. She is an older lady. Scout describes her, 

Calpurnia was something else again. She was all angles and bones; she was nearsighted; she squinted; her hand was wide as a bed slat and twice as hard (Chapter 1).

Calpurnia is better educated than most African Americans in Maycomb. She is one of the few who can read, and she taught her son Zeebo. We know Calpurnia is fairly old because her son is already a grown man with a family of his own. 

Calpurnia knows how to read because of her past. She has known Scout’s father for a long time because she came from his family’s land, Finch’s Landing. Scout's grandfather gave her the Bible she learned to read from.

“Were you from the Landing?” Jem asked. “You never told us that.”

“I certainly am, Mister Jem. Grew up down there between the Buford Place and the Landin‘. I’ve spent all my days workin’ for the Finches or the Bufords, an‘ I moved to Maycomb when your daddy and your mamma married” (Chapter 12).

Thus, Calpurnia has always been a part of the Finch household. When Alexandra tries to convince Atticus to fire Calpurnia, he refuses. He says Calpurnia will not leave until she wants to, because they need her. Atticus depends on Calpurnia. He knows she provides the balance his household needs because his wife is dead. Calpurnia teaches Scout and Jem morals in addition to taking care of them. Atticus does not believe Alexandra serves the same role. Her values are not the same as his.

How does Macbeth feel toward his friend Banquo?

Initially, Macbeth and Banquo are equals in valor and honor who share a mutual trust and admiration for one another.  Therefore, when they first hear the Weird Sisters' "prophecies," Macbeth is anxious to speak with Banquo further.  He says, "Think upon what hath chanced, / and at more time, / [...] let us speak / Our free hearts each to other" (1.4.170-173).  

The next time they speak, however, Macbeth is a bit dishonest about how much he's been thinking about those "prophecies."  When Banquo confesses that he dreamed of the Sisters, Macbeth replies, "I think not of / them" (2.1. 27-28).  Then, Macbeth speaks vaguely of the future, saying, "If you shall cleave to my consent, when 'tis [time], / It shall make honor for you" (2.1. 34-35).  In other words, if you will support me and join my cause, it will benefit you greatly.  Banquo has too much integrity to take the bait, though, and he says that he wants to keep his conscience clear and, as long as he isn't asked to do anything that would dishonor him, he'll be willing to listen to what Macbeth has to say.  

From here on out, Macbeth is distrustful of Banquo, and he even grows to resent his former friend when he considers that his crown will be "fruitless" because it will eventually pass to Banquo's descendants.  At this point, he plots the murder of Banquo and his son, Fleance, in order to prevent this from happening.  All bonds of former love are broken between the two, Fleance survives, and eventually Macbeth is vanquished.

What was Manifest Destiny and what impact did it have on the United States in the mid-1800s?

Manifest Destiny was an ideology, especially prominent in the 1840s and 50s, that revolved around the notion that the United States was destined (i.e. divinely chosen) to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. This ideology, as historians have emphasized, was based on American faith in its own superiority, a belief that had three different facets. First, Americans thought their democratic institutions made them superior to other peoples, who they believed despotic. Second, white Americans thought themselves superior to the native peoples and Mexico, the nation that controlled most of the territory Americans sought. Finally, Protestant Americans believed that Roman Catholicism (the religion of most Mexican peoples) was antithetical to democratic institutions. The ideology of manifest destiny impacted American politics in important ways. In short, it helped cause the Mexican War, as Americans wished first to annex Texas (which declared its independence from Mexico in 1836) and then California and the rest of the Southwest. It also justified the taking of Native lands in the region, though this was hardly a novel development for Americans. Manifest Destiny, associated with the Democratic Party was the main issue in the election of President James K. Polk in 1844. Polk advocated both the annexation of Texas (which, it was commonly understood, would likely lead to war with Mexico) and the assertion of American claims on territory in Oregon. Under Polk's leadership, the United States went to war against Mexico, and under the terms of the treaty that ended that conflict, the nation received a vast swath of territory encompassing California and the entire Southwest.

In "The Sniper," what is the author attempting to portray?

O'Flaherty attempts to portray how there is nothing civil in "civil war."

"The Sniper" takes place in a civil war.  The sniper's singular mission to eliminate his target drives him.  Throughout the narrative, the reader sees that this mission causes him to endure hunger and injury.  He sees and thinks of nothing else except what he must do.  He kills others in the name of this mission, believing that its successful completion will represent his contribution to the civil war.  When he accomplishes his mission a "cry of joy" escapes from him.

However, O'Flaherty is deliberate as he constructs the climax and resolution to his story.  As the sniper is shown having accomplished his mission, there is a specific sadness evident:

The sniper looked at his enemy falling and he shuddered. The lust of battle died in him. He became bitten by remorse. The sweat stood out in beads on his forehead. Weakened by his wound and the long summer day of fasting and watching on the roof, he revolted from the sight of the shattered mass of his dead enemy. His teeth chattered, he began to gibber to himself, cursing the war, cursing himself, cursing everybody.

O'Flaherty enhances this when the sniper realizes that he has killed his own brother.

O'Flaherty wants to explore how war is dehumanizing. It severs bonds between human beings and even siblings.  In showing war in this manner, the author communicates its painful reality.  While the sniper was committed to the Republicans mission in the civil war, he comes to see war as far from "civil."  "The Sniper" shows that only elements that exist after war are loss and resentment.  In the experiences of the titular character, O'Flaherty portrays the true and revolting nature of war.

What information does "the beggar" receive and give about the suitors and Odysseus?

When Odysseus returns to Ithaca, disguised as a beggar, he learns a great deal about the suitors by observing their behavior, especially their behavior toward him.  According to the rules of Greek hospitality, the suitors should be willing to share their food and drink generously, especially because it isn't even their own resources that they'd be sharing -- the goods actually belong to Odysseus and his family!  This is all the more reason they shouldn't be stingy.  However, Antinous calls him a "pest" and says that he is spoiling their feast before actually throwing a stool at him. The suitors also force him to fight another local beggar, Irus, and even a slave-maid of Penelope mocks him and treats him poorly.  He learns that these are really terrible, awful people who deserve no pity from him.

However, when Penelope hears that a poor man was struck in her home, she feels badly and asks for him to be brought to her so that she can ask him if he has any news of Odysseus.  When they meet that night, her descriptions of how she's been trying to delay the suitors and questions about Odysseus convince him of her continued loyalty and love.  Odysseus convinces her that he knows her husband and that he is on his way home and will be there soon with a great deal of treasure that he has collected in his travels.

What is the definition of energy?

In simplest terms, energy can be defined as the ability of a body to do some work. For example, flowing water in a river has energy which erodes land or is converted to electrical energy. The SI unit of energy is the joule (abbreviated as J). The most commonly used non-SI unit of energy is the calorie. 

There are several forms of energy that we encounter in our day to day life. These include

• potential energy: such as that of stored water behind a dam, which is used to generate electricity.


• kinetic energy: such as that of flowing water, which can result in floods and destruction of property, etc.


• electrical energy: is used to run a large number of appliances, such as laptops, water heaters, electrical vehicles, etc.


• mechanical energy: such as that used to grind grains (in watermills), or that used by us to walk, etc.


• chemical energy: stored in chemical reactions, such as that released during the breakdown of food in our body


• thermal energy: or heat energy, such as that generated when we burn fossil fuels to generate electricity or run our vehicles (for examples, gasoline or diesel to run cars, etc.).

There are several other forms of energy as well.

Hope this helps. 

How was Caesar killed?

Various senators stab Caesar in the Capitol. The play’s opening scene foreshadows Caesar’s controversial standing. The commoners celebrate Caesar’s victory over Pompey, but several tribunes condemn them for being so fickle. Though they now rejoice over his defeat, the plebeians greatly admired Pompey when he was alive. The adulation of Caesar continues at the Feast of the Lupercal, where Marc Antony offers Caesar the crown three times.

Brutus, Cassius, and several other senators worry about Caesar’s growing power. They conspire to assassinate him in the senate. Brutus, who is good friends with Caesar, justifies the murder on the principle that power corrupts. They must preempt Caesar’s power grab to preserve the Republic of Rome:

And therefore think him as a serpent's egg
Which, hatch'd, would, as his kind, grow mischievous,
And kill him in the shell.

Caesar wonders whether he should go to the Capitol on that fateful day. His wife Calpurnia has nightmares about his death, and there are “most horrid sights” in the streets. Several priests sacrifice an animal but cannot find its heart. However, conspirator Decius Brutus convinces Caesar that Calpurnia’s dreams are fortuitous, tempts him with the crown, and suggests he will be mocked if he exhibits weakness.

Caesar calls Calpurnia’s fears “foolish” and goes to the senate. He ignores the warning of a friend and refuses to pardon Metellus Cimber’s brother in an attempt to demonstrate strength. The conspirators kneel to him, but Caesar asserts that he is not changeable like other men but as “constant as the northern star.” The conspirators, including Brutus, stab Caesar until he falls, dying on his famous line, “Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar.”

Who is the owner of the woods mentioned in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert Frost?

The opening lines of this poem have the narrative character speculating on who owns the woods. The main point of this speculation is to inform the reader that the woods are not the narrator’s, but rather simply territory through which he is passing on his way home. The lines tell us these woods do not belong to a working rural landowner, but instead are the property of a (presumably well-off) village-dweller, not a working farmer or lumberman. These details, in Frost’s time, meant there were financial “classes” of society separated by wealth – owners vs. workers. We know little else in detail about the owner, but the general tenor of the poem, with its underlying note of appreciation for beauty and tranquility, suggests to the reader that there is a contrast in aesthetic appreciation between the classes, also. Readers also know little about the narrator—is he a farm owner, a traveling merchant, a working man?

Who are Uzowulu, Agbala, and Nneka in Things Fall Apart?

Uzowolu is a man accused by his brother in law of beating his wife. In Chapter 10, Uzowolu is brought before the Egwugwu to stand trial for his actions. Because his wife ran home to her family, Uzowolu demands that her bride price be returned. The ruling of the elders is that she ran to save her life; her bride price need not be returned.

Agbala is the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves. It is her spirit who comes upon Chielo and causes Chielo to prophesy Agbala's message to the people. The spirit can come upon different people (we know this because the priestess was a woman named Chika when Okonkwo was still a boy).

Nneka was the first woman to join the Christians in the village. She felt rejected by the village because when all of her children were been born twins, they were thrown into the Evil Forest to die.

In a Christmas Carol, what does Marley wear that represents his sins in life?

There are actually four ghosts in The Christmas Carol.  The first ghost is that of Jacob Marley, Scrooge’s business partner, a man as stingy and unforgiving as Scrooge himself.  The purpose of this ghost is to convince Scrooge to learn the lessons of the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future for his own, (Scrooge’s) salvation. When Scrooge first meets Marley’s ghost, he hears bells ringing and then a sound,

“The bells ceased as they had begun, together.  They were succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below; as if some person were dragging a heavy chain over the casks in a wine-merchant’s cellar.”  (pg 16)

When Scrooge first sees the ghost, he notices that it is “fettered” or chained.  The chain was tied around the ghost’s waist.

                “It was long, and wound about him like a tail.  (pg 17)

Scrooge took a good look at it and noticed that it had cashboxes and other articles from his business attached to the chain.  Jacob had lived the same kind of life that Scrooge is living now.  When Scrooge asks the meaning of the chain, Marley replies,

“I wear the chain I forged in life….. I made it link by link, and yard by yard; I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it.  Is its pattern so strange to you?” (pg 19)

What he means by this is that every link in the chain has been made by some act of selfishness or inhumanity to mankind.  One act equals one link.  He admits that it is a heavy and long chain.  All of the selfish acts he did, he did of his own free will, and he knows that Scrooges chain, at this time, is even longer than his. 

“It was full as heavy and as long as this, seven Christmas Eves ago.  You have labored on it , since.  It is a ponderous chain. “(pg 19)

That ponderous chain helps to convince Scrooge to listen to the next three ghosts: Christmas Past, Present, and Future.

How does the catastrophe of the Great Depression affect the actions of Walter Cunningham Sr.?

In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the character of Walter Cunningham Sr. works on his farm and struggles to make end meets during the Great Depression. In Chapter 2, Scout describes Walter Cunningham Jr. and mentions that he has hookworms because he doesn't own any shoes. During lunchtime, Walter Cunningham doesn't have a packed lunch, nor does he have a quarter to buy one. Walter Cunningham Sr. does not have enough money buy his son food, much less a pair of shoes. The Great Depression has limited his funds extensively, and essential items such as food and clothing are scarce. Walter Cunningham Sr. has been forced to barter for services throughout Maycomb because he has no money. Scout explains that he paid Atticus' lawyer fees using stovewood, hickory nuts, a crate a smilax and holly, and a sack of turnip greens. Walter's son tells Atticus that the reason he can't pass first grade is because he has to help his father on the farm every spring. Walter Cunningham Sr. has been forced to sacrifice his son's education because he needs the extra help on the farm to make ends meet. The Great Depression has affected Walter Cunningham's family in many negative ways, but despite the rough economic situation, Walter Cunningham Sr. is able to make payments and survive through hard work and sacrifice.

In The Great Gatsby, how does Nick get his invitation to Gatsby's party?

Nick's invitation to Gatsby's house in chapter three is hand-delivered by Gatsby's chauffeur on the Saturday morning of the huge party he will host that evening.  Having heard that Gatsby's guests "were not invited--they went there," Nick is surprised by his host's formality.  In the note, Gatsby explains that he has seen Nick several times and intended to call on him but hasn't had the opportunity.  What Nick won't realize until later is that he has been specially invited because he is Daisy Buchanan's cousin. Gatsby will use Nick's relationship with Daisy to inveigle a meeting with her.  Gatsby hopes to rekindle the relationship he started with Daisy in Louisville before the war and her marriage to Tom Buchanan, and he sees Nick as the man to engineer their reunion.  

Fitzgerald, F. Scott.  The Great Gatsby.  Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925.

How did the Treaty of Versailles, as it applied to Germany, lead to Hitler’s rise to power?

The Treaty of Versailles did not directly lead to Hitler's rise to power. But its terms, which were harsh and punitive toward Germany, did help create a politically toxic environment in Germany that Hitler could exploit, as he did in the early 1930s. The treaty forced Germany to accept sole guilt for the outbreak of World War I, stripped Germany of a great deal of prewar territory, placed major restrictions on the size of its armed forces (but not those of neighboring France) and mandated billions in reparations payments. Germans bitterly resented the Treaty and the new Weimar Republic government that was responsible for signing and ratifying it. Because Germany had surrendered without being invaded by Allied troops, Hitler and others were able to argue that Germany had not truly been defeated, but that its army had been stabbed in the back by those that sought an armistice and ultimately signed the treaty. So the Treaty helped create a powerful sense of victimhood and betrayal that was still quite powerful in the 1930s. 

In the novella Of Mice and Men, what is the theme of Crooks's loneliness?

Crooks is the black stable buck character in Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men. He takes care of the horses and mules and lives by himself in the barn. Because he is black, he's segregated from the other men on the ranch, who are all white. He is also the victim of racism. The theme of his loneliness revolves around not having another guy around to talk to as well as the prejudice he faces.

He is envious of George and Lennie because they travel around together and have each other as companions, sharing experiences and conversations. Crooks expresses this envy when he's talking to Lennie in his room in the barn in chapter four:

"I seen it over an’ over—a guy talkin' to another guy and it don’t make no difference if he don’t hear or understand. The thing is, they’re talkin’, or they’re settin’ still not talkin’. It don’t make no difference, no difference.” His excitement had increased until he pounded his knee with this hand. “George can tell you screwy things, and it don’t matter. It’s just the talking. It’s just bein’ with another guy. That’s all.” 

Crooks also experiences the loneliness of someone who is considered different. Just as he is dreaming of joining George, Lennie and Candy on the farm, Curley's wife reminds him of his otherness. Like Crooks, she also experiences segregation and is treated as an outsider. It is ironic, then, that she should point out to Crooks that he is inferior and that any attempt on his part to mix with the white world will fail. When he tries to get her out of his room, she lashes out at him:

“Listen, Nigger,” she said. “You know what I can do to you if you open your trap?...Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.”

At the end of the chapter Steinbeck paints the picture of Crooks alone in his room. Like Candy, who also loses the dream when Lennie accidentally kills Curley's wife, the reader must assume Crooks will remain lonely.

How does Animal Farm reflect the traits of today's leaders and dictators?

In Animal Farm, Orwell offers a comment on the behavior and the methods of twentieth century dictators, especially Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator whose rise to power is paralleled in the book by that of Napoleon. In Animal Farm, Napoleon uses almost all of the techniques common to totalitarian dictators. He employs a "propaganda minister" in the form of Squealer to portray his actions as heroic. He distorts history to persuade the other animals that events on the farm occurred differently than the reader (and indeed some of the animals) remembers. He creates an external threat in the form of Snowball to keep the farm in a constant state of fear and crisis, which he uses to justify his heavy-handed tactics. He manipulates ideology, arguing that the ends--a world in which animals control the farm--justify the means. He uses terror and violence, publicly and secretly purging many of his potential enemies, as well as some innocent animals purely to set an example. He is totally corrupt, living a life that is completely at odds with the ideas of the revolution as stated in the Seven Commandments (which he changes as the need arises). All of these characteristics could be applied to twentieth century dictators like Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini as well as modern ones, like Kim Jong-un of North Korea. Dictators rule by fostering fear, controlling information, and using violence and terror, often indiscriminately. 

What is the main idea of The Wednesday Wars?

The Wednesday Wars by Gary Schmidt is a fantastic book.  I'm partially biased though since the author was my adviser in college.  At the book's core is the story of Holling Hoodhood's coming of age.  The book walks the reader through almost a year of Holling's life, and the focus of that year is his relationships with a variety of people.  As the book progresses, the reader sees Holling and his relationships transform as he becomes more mature.  Mrs. Baker moves from being a hard task master to a loving educator and confidant for Holling.  He gains confidence throughout the story which helps him deal with his tumultuous home life.  Let's face it, Mr. Hoodhood isn't exactly a warm and fuzzy father figure.  Along with Holling's increasing confidence comes his first love in the character of Meryl Lee.  Schmidt does a great job showing readers how Holling's coming of age is intricately woven in with his relationships.  As his relationships change, so does Holling.  And as Holling changes his own attitudes, his relationships change.  

What will happen if you eat too many calories?

Calories are a unit of measurement to describe the amount of energy in foods. Different types of food have different amounts of calories based on their levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Per gram of protein and carbohydrates, there are 4 calories. Fats offer 9 calories per gram. Doctors often warn against eating foods high in fat because, gram for gram, they have a higher caloric value. The human body only requires so many calories in a day, and any excess is stored in fat tissues on the body. An excess of fat in the body contributes to poor health and a risk for heart disease.

The average daily recommended caloric intake is about 2,000 calories for adults. But depending on your body mass (height and weight), age, and activity level, you may need more or less calories to provide your body with enough energy. 

Compare the way relationships are presented in Robert Browning's poem "My Last Duchess" and Elizabeth Jennings' poem "One Flesh."

The relationships depicted in Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" and Elizabeth Jennings's "One Flesh" are drastically different. 

In Browning's poem, the speaker, the Duke, is telling the story of his "Last Duchess" to the representative who is helping to arrange  his new marriage. The Duke had a strained relationship with his late wife. She was kind and cheerful to all, but the Duke resented her friendliness: "...as if she ranked / My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name / With anybody’s gift." He also distrusted her actions, and he became more and more controlling: "...I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped together." The Duke then blithely tells the representative that they should proceed with the arrangement for his new marriage. The suggestion is that the Duke, who reveals an instability and desire for control, murdered his last duchess. Now, her image hangs on his wall "as if alive," where he can perfectly control her.

In Jennings's poem, the couple are described as "Strangely apart, yet strangely close together, / Silence between them." The husband and wife are still alive and still married, yet they sleep separately and are described by the speaker as no longer having an emotional or loving connection: "...These two who are my father and my mother / Whose fire from which I came, has now grown cold?"

The dynamic Browning presents is a psychologically and physically abusive one. The dynamic Jennings presents is emotionally confining and stunting, loveless and adrift, but it is not abusive; it seems that the couple in her poem remain married of their own free will and have no malicious intent towards each other. Browning's Duke is nearly guaranteed to be as awful to his new wife as he has been to the last (and to any wives who came before her!).

In his essay titled "The Negro Artists and the Racial Mountain," what does Langston Hughes mean in saying the following:And now she turns up...

Langson Hughes's thesis in his essay "The Negro Artists and the Racial Mountain" is that the African-American artist cannot create true art, nor escape racism, if the African American is afraid of his own blackness, wanting to be white instead. To illustrate his point, he opens by expressing sorrow over the fact that a "young Negro poet" once said to him, "I want to be a poet--not a Negro poet," which Hughes logically concludes really means, "I would like to be white." Hughes asserts that the young African American will never be a "great poet" so long as he is afraid of himself.

An additional point Hughes uses to illustrate his argument is a reference to a "Philadelphia clubwoman," meaning a professional woman singer at a jazz club in Philadelphia, who once asked Hughes, "What makes you do so many jazz poems?" In Hughes's mind, in asking him that, she is snubbing jazz as something her race created without recognizing its significance. As Hughes explains, jazz is important to the African-American race because it developed out of the "eternal tom-tom beating" in the African American's soul as he fought against the forced labors of the white man's world. In rejecting jazz or anything else as being "too Negro," she is rejecting herself as a Negro and all that makes a Negro beautiful.

Hughes concludes by arguing that the African American must recognize and embrace what is both beautiful and ugly about himself in order to achieve true freedom.

According to the Progressives who deserves greater protection, laborers or capitalists?

The Progressives believed the laborers deserved greater protection because the capitalists had most of the power. The Progressives wanted to reduce the power of the capitalists while increasing the power of the laborers.

Progressives were concerned about the conditions the workers faced. The workers weren’t being treated well. They had long hours, low pay, and unsafe working conditions. Kids were working in factories instead of going to school. Progressives set out to change this by passing child labor laws, providing workers with compensation if they were injured on the job, and passing health and safety regulations that factory owners had to follow. Some workers got an eight-hour day. Compulsory school attendance laws were also passed.

Laws were passed and agencies were established to protect working class people. The Meat Inspection Act required the federal government to inspect meat before it could be sold. The Pure Food and Drug Act prevented businesses from falsely labeling foods and medicines. The Hepburn Act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set railroad rates. The Bureau of Corporations could investigate businesses while the Bureau of Mines could watch the activities of the mining companies. The Clayton Antitrust Act prevented the practice of price discrimination. This is when businesses charged different prices to different customers. The government went after big business mergers that weren’t in the best interests of the people of the country.

The Progressives believed the system favored the capitalists. Through a series of reforms, the Progressives set out to change the system to help protect the workers.

In 1984, why does Winston have a diary?

In George Orwell's dystopian classic 1984, protagonist Winston Smith purchases a diary and begins recording his secret thoughts therein. As a literary convention, Winston's diary entries help move the story along, but for Winston, the diary entries are far more serious; they are thoughtcrime. Winston's first major thoughtcrime is repeatedly writing "DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER" in the diary. This action constitutes his first act of rebellion against Big Brother and the Party, and it is not his last. The simple action of keeping a diary spurs Winston toward other rebellious actions (such as adultery) because it is an act of self-expression, and self-expression must be forbidden in societies ruled by governments which rely on total conformity to survive and maintain control of their citizens.

How does the author use elements of surprise, foreshadowing, and irony in Lamb to the Slaughter?

I will start with surprise. The story is loaded with surprises for the reader.  When the reader is introduced to Mary, she is the quintessential doting wife.  She is sitting at home eagerly awaiting the arrival of her husband.  When Patrick finally does get home, she rushes to welcome him, calls him "darling," and is eager to get him a drink and have him sit and relax.  The reader can only assume that Patrick's feelings for Mary are similar.  That's why it comes as quite a surprise that he tells Mary that he is leaving her or divorcing her.  It's also surprising to see that Mary, despite her meek introduction, kills Patrick with a single blow.  Mary keeps the surprises coming, because she doesn't panic and fall apart at her murderous deed.  Rather she collects herself and goes about setting an alibi in order to get away with the murder.  

Dahl foreshadows the murder and the murder weapon when he has Mary specifically mention the lamb in the freezer.  

"We can have lamb. Anything you want. Everything's in the freezer."

Mary is absolutely correct.  Everything she needed was in the freezer.  

There is irony in the title of the story.  Most readers likely assume that a "lamb to the slaughter" literally means a lamb being killed.  As a metaphor, the phrase is often used to describe a person being killed.  Jesus is often referred to in this manner.  But in this story, the lamb that is coming to the slaughter is a lamb that is actually doing the slaughtering.  The lamb kills Patrick.  It's totally unexpected.  

There is dramatic irony at the end of the story as well.  The reader knows what has happened, and knows that the murder weapon is literally right under the noses of the police investigators.  

"It's probably right under our noses. What do you think, Jack?"

That's because they are eating the murder weapon. Yum. 

Can you describe the effects of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights on ordinary Americans?

The Constitution and the Bill of Rights affected ordinary Americans. The Constitution established a stronger federal government. The federal government had more power under the Constitution than it did under the Articles of Confederation. Under the Constitution, it was clear that the federal government was in charge. The federal government was the only entity that could print money. The federal government would maintain order in our country as seen by the actions it took to end the Whiskey Rebellion. The federal government now had the power levy taxes. The power of the federal government increased under the Constitution.

The Bill of Rights affected the people because it guaranteed that the people had certain rights. Our people didn’t have to live in fear that government would take away our basic rights such as freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and freedom of religion. The point of adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution was to make it clear that our people had certain rights that the government must protect and honor.

The Constitution and the Bill of Rights had a significant impact on the American people.

What is the significance of Stanza VI within the larger work of "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats?: "Darkling, I listen; and, for many a...

In his writing, the Romantic poet John Keats finds himself in a tangle of what one critic terms "inseparable but irreconcilable opposites." For, in his beautiful poetry, he finds delight in thoughts of death, and yet he revels in the sheer existence of things.

"Ode to a Nightingale" exemplifies Keats's contradictions of such experiences. In Stanza VI the poet is seduced by "easeful Death" which can end his troubles as it "take[s] into the air my quiet breath." The meaning of line 54 is somewhat nebulous as it may mean that the poet seeks death to take air from him, or possibly that the air carries along with his verses some of his breath. At any rate, both interpretations involve the entanglement of the poet and Nature. 

Then, in lines 55-58, Keats continues his contemplation of death, finding it "rich to die" while so immersed with Nature in his delight of the "ecstasy" of the nightingale's song. For, he and the songbird both are lost in joy: he with the beauty of the bird's song, and the nightingale with his delight in life. However, in the final lines, 59-60, Keats again separates himself from Nature as he realizes that the nightingale will continue singing even if he dies. Then his ears will be "in vain"--useless--as he merely becomes "a sod" while the lovely bird sings a "high requiem" for him.

What truths do we learn about Boo Radley in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

In the beginning of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, all we learn about Arthur Radley, who the neighborhood children call Boo Radley, comes from "neighborhood legend" and Miss Stephanie Crawford, a "neighborhood scold" and gossip (Ch. 1). We learn that Arthur fell in with a bad crowd of boys during his teenage years and was arrested. While the other boys were sent to the state industrial school to receive "the best secondary education to be had in the state," Mr. Radley felt that Arthur should be put under house arrest instead. From Miss Stephanie Crawford, we learn that when he was 33 years old, while apparently still under house arrest, Arthur drove a pair of scissors into his father's leg. All of these rumors and myths serve to attempt to explain why the neighborhood never sees Arthur Radley. As a result of these rumors and myths, the neighborhood children have come to believe that Arthur is a dangerous madman who poses a threat to their lives.

As the story of the novel unfolds, while we never learn the exact reason as to why Arthur remains in his house, we learn a few very important truths about him. The first very important truth we learn is that Arthur is actually a very caring, benevolent person who has developed a genuine fondness for Scout and Jem through watching them play in the neighborhood from his home. We begin to see him display his benevolent and caring nature through gifts he starts leaving for the children to find in a knothole of an oak tree on his property. The gifts include chewing gum, two polished pennies dated 1906, bars of soap carved to look just like the children, as well as many other treasures. He further shows benevolence by mending the pants Jem rips on the barbed wire fence while the children make their escape while being shot at by Nathan Radley the night they decide to sneak on to the Radleys' property to try and get a look at Arthur through a window. Later that night, when Jem goes back to the fence to retrieve them, he finds his pants lying on the fence, neatly folded and mended.

The greatest act of care and benevolence Arthur accomplishes is rescuing the children from Bob Ewell the night Ewell attacks the children, planning to kill them. That night, Scout sees Arthur for the first and very last time, and through her description of him, we learn what some readers interpret as a new truth about Arthur: that he may be a person with albinism. We can deduce this based on the following details of Scout's description:

His face was as white as his hands, but for a shadow on his jutting chin. . . . and his gray eyes were so colorless I thought he was blind. His hair was dead and thin, almost feathery on top of his head. (Ch. 29)

All of these characteristics match the description of a person with albinism. Due to lack of pigmentation in their eyes, people with albinism have many vision problems, particularly sensitivity to light. Hence, sensitivity to light serves as one possible explanation for as to why Arthur Radley chooses to remain indoors all the time.

What happened to humanity in "There Will Come Soft Rains"?

This question is not clearly answered in the story, but we can draw some conclusions based on Ray Bradbury's other works and the time of his writing.

Ray Bradbury was writing mostly during the 1950s.  This was a time of social optimism.  World War II was over, and compared to the 1940s, people were feeling very successful.  Unemployment was low and science was coming up with new discoveries and inventions at an alarming rate.  More and more people were able to enjoy certain technologies in the home -- automatic dishwashers, vacuum cleaners, and similar items gave rise to the impression that science would make our lives very leisure-filled.  In the realm of science fiction, writers like Bradbury were exploring what would happen if technology continued advancing at such a rate. Perhaps humanity might no longer be needed.  We see this in "There Will Come Soft Rains" as the house seems to go through a very ordinary day, completely on its own, cooking meals, setting up a card game, preparing the nursery for sleep, etc. 

However, the 1950s were also the beginning of the Cold War, and along with the optimism noted above there was an underlying dread of the potential for nuclear war.  This, too, gave science fiction writers a fertile field for exploration:  What would the world be like if the Americans and Russians did set off nuclear bombs?  Would we destroy ourselves completely?

This seems to be the result in "There Will Come Soft Rains."  Though it isn't directly stated, this would be a plausible conclusion for the absence of any people.  Technology has advanced to the point that we see in the house, but the Cold War advanced also, and humanity has destroyed itself.  Only the technology remains.

However, then we see nature seem to survive over technology, as a random tree branch falls into the house and ignites an accidental fire.  The house tries to put out the fire, but the fire continues, and in the end destroys the entire house.  Nature overcomes technology.

How is Capulet to blame for Romeo and Juliet's deaths in Romeo and Juliet?

Romeo and Juliet’s deaths could be interpreted to be Lord Capulet’s fault because he insisted that Juliet marry Paris.

Lord Capulet is a complicated man. On the one hand, he has a fiery temper. On the other hand, he can also be reasonable. When it comes to his daughter, Capulet is very passionate. His actions unfortunately lead to Juliet’s death, and Romeo’s too.

Lord Capulet takes part in the duel in the marketplace, but he behaves more reservedly during his daughter’s party. Juliet is his prized possession. At first, he seems very reasonable. He does not want his only daughter to marry too quickly. He advises Paris to win her heart.

And too soon marr'd are those so early made.
The earth hath swallow'd all my hopes but she,
She is the hopeful lady of my earth:
But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart,
My will to her consent is but a part;
An she agree, within her scope of choice
Lies my consent and fair according voice. (Act 1, Scene 2)

He also seems to be mellow at Juliet’s ball. Tybalt is ready to fight Romeo then and there, but Capulet won’t let him. He says Romeo has a good reputation and argues that a fight will disturb their guests. Tybalt holds off until later, when he does try to engage Romeo. He kills Mercutio, who steps in to defend Romeo, and Romeo slays Tybalt.

It seems that Tybalt’s death changes things for Lord Capulet. He is so entrenched in grief that he reverses his position of patience on Juliet’s marriage. He insists that she marry Paris in only a few days. Juliet is horrified. After all, she is already secretly married to Romeo. Capulet just makes a lot of threats and seems to get angrier and angrier.

Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch!
I tell thee what: get thee to church o' Thursday,
Or never after look me in the face:
Speak not, reply not, do not answer me;
My fingers itch. (Act 3, Scene 5)

He threatens to throw Juliet out if she doesn’t do what he says. She is grieving too, for her cousin and for Romeo. Her new husband was banished when he killed Tybalt. Juliet does not know what to do. She can’t marry Paris. Her only choice seems to be to go to Friar Laurence and ask for help. He gives her a potion to fake her death.

Capulet’s insistence that Juliet marry Paris immediately is what leads her to take the potion, which is what leads Romeo to think she is dead. Romeo kills himself, and when Juliet wakes up she kills herself because he is dead. Thus Capulet’s actions help lead directly to the deaths of the two young people.

Does "The Eagle" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, deal with natural law? Explain.

Natural law can refer to observable rules that relate to things in nature, and, in this sense, I believe "The Eagle" does address natural law.  The eagle in this poem has supreme power: he can fly higher than other animals, he's incredibly strong, and he is a lethal predator.  Typically, the strongest animal in a group will maintain control of that group.  In a pride of lions, the strongest male rules; in some societies, the person with the biggest army behind him rules.  Here, the eagle rules because he is also the most powerful.  The "wrinkled sea" that "crawls" beneath him is representative of other organisms on which the eagle might prey, and they are described as crawling in order to point out their relative powerlessness compared to this bird's supreme power.  Therefore, the poem can be read as a representation of the natural law which dictates that whichever animal is mightiest rules the others.

How do you calculate hospital payments by patient day level?

Unfortunately, there is no straightforward way to do this.

The hospital system in the United States is unique in the world for how incredibly complex and difficult it is to compute payments---and, probably not coincidentally, also unique in how expensive those payments end up being.

You can estimate how much you will end up paying for a given hospital stay using the chargemaster, an official document detailing the standard prices for each type of procedure, length of stay, etc.; but each hospital has its own chargemaster and they are often wildly different. I have linked the website the State of California uses to post all hospital chargemasters as an example; California does a good job of publishing all this data where it is easily accessible, but many states do not. Depending on the state you are interested in, you may be able to find all the chargemasters posted online---or you may not.

Even worse, the chargemaster is only a guideline. Hospitals frequently negotiate prices with different insurance providers that are considerably lower than their chargemaster prices. Medicare has what we economists call monopsony power---they comprise a substantial portion of the market by themselves, which gives them the power to negotiate even lower prices. Regulations established in Medicare Part D actually intentionally limited Medicare's capacity to negotiate lower costs. The argument was that the low prices were unfair to hospitals, but the costs for patients will almost certainly rise as a result.

In order to actually calculate the costs for a given patient, we need to know what hospital they are in, how long they stayed, and what procedures they received, and then we can look up all those expenses on the chargemaster. We may also need to know what sort of health insurance (or none) the patient has, and then what prices that insurance provider has negotiated with that particular hospital.

As a result of all this complexity and opacity in the system, prices can vary tremendously---by a factor of 10 or more---even for the same care in the same city. Depending on location and insurance, the same hospital stay can vary in price from as little as $10,000 to as much as $100,000.

How does Elisa and Henry's relationship change over the course of The Chrysanthemums?

In her first interaction with her husband, Elisa is a little smug with him. He compliments her work but then, somewhat dismissive, says she ought to put more work into the orchard. He has sold some cattle and offers to take her to dinner and a movie to celebrate. She is appreciative but in a pretty stoic way. She reacts nonchalantly and simply says "Oh, yes. That will be good." There is some subtle but clear tension between the two of them and some resentment on her part. But Henry doesn't take notice of it. 

Elisa is fascinated by the stranger's way of life. It awakens some repressed feelings in her. She tries to describe her method of planting. She attempts to describe it in terms of the stranger's way of life: 

I've never lived as you do, but I know what you mean. When the night is dark—why, the stars are sharp-pointed, and there's quiet. Why, you rise up and up! Every pointed star gets driven into your body. It's like that. Hot and sharp and—lovely. 

There is a sensuality in this description. Note the words such as "hot," "lovely," and "body." It is unlikely that she is instigating any notions of an affair with this man. But she does use this moment as a way to express some repressed desires. This shows that she does not get that kind of affection and romance from her husband. So, the smugness noted earlier is a result of that. 

She is meticulous in bathing and getting ready to go out with Henry. When he returns, he says she looks "nice." Undoubtedly hoping for something more complimentary, she interrogates him about the comment. He says she looks strong and happy. She adds "I never knew before how strong." She is referring to the strength she has had in enduring a bland marriage with Henry.

This was made clear by the excitement she got from that brief encounter with the stranger. The story ends with her hiding her tears from Henry. She is hiding her anger and sorrow in order to keep the marriage as it was. So, she is attempting to keep things the same. In that respect, nothing has changed. However, this may be the first time that her repressed feelings have erupted in an outward way (crying). So, if anything has changed, it is that she has come to realize how strong she has been in repressing her feelings. It doesn't seem that Henry grasps this at all. So, for him, nothing has changed. 

Why did Curley's wife come to the barn in Of Mice and Men?

Curley's wife, in John Steinbeck's novel Of Mice and Men, appears in three different scenes. In chapter two she comes to the bunkhouse door and meets George and Lennie. In chapter four she comes into Crooks's room in the barn where Crooks, Lennie and Candy have gathered and are talking about the dream of the farm. In both chapters she says she is looking for Curley, but the reader might assume she is simply lonely and wants to talk to somebody. She seems to take a particular liking to Lennie. She comments about the bruises on his face and asks how Curley got his hand broken. She makes a flirtatious remark to Lennie about the rabbits he is obsessed with. She says,

“Well, if that’s all you want, I might get a couple rabbits myself.” 

Finally, she appears in chapter five. She has come into the barn and while Steinbeck never overtly mentions why, the reader should assume she has seen Lennie go into the barn and has followed him. Most of the men on the ranch are outside playing horseshoes but Lennie is in the barn with his dead puppy. This time, Curley's wife doesn't mention looking for Curley. She wants to talk to Lennie. She says,

"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.” 

Just as Crooks had done in chapter four, she pours her heart out to Lennie. She talks about being in "pitchers", going out dancing and the circumstances of her meeting and marrying Curley. She seems to like Lennie, or at least she likes the attention, and they begin their discussion of "petting soft things":

“You’re nuts,” she said. “But you’re a kinda nice fella. Jus’ like a big baby. But a person can see kinda what you mean. When I’m doin’ my hair sometimes I jus’ set an’ stroke it ‘cause it’s so soft.”

Of course, this discussion leads to tragedy and the barn is the last place Curley's wife ever goes. 

Calculate the present value of an investment that will be worth $1000 after 6 years, at 4.8% per year, compounded weekly (assume 52 weeks per...

You need to use the formula for compound interest to evaluate the amount that should be deposited to produce $1000 after 6 years.

`A = P(1+i)^n`

P represents the amount that should be deposited and it is unknown.

`A = $1000`

`n = 6` years

In 6 years there are `6*52` weeks = 312 weekly periods, hence `n = 312` . The rate of 4.8% per year is 4.8/52 in each week, hence `i = 4.8/(52*100) = 0.000923.`

`P = A/((1+i)^n) => P = 1000/((1+0.000923)^312)`

Hence, evaluating the present value of the investment, under the given conditions, yields `P = 1000/((1+0.000923)^312).`

How did the policies of President Andrew Jackson affect life in Mississippi?

President Andrew Jackson’s policies affected the lives of people throughout the country, including those people living in Mississippi. When President Jackson supported the enforcement of the high protective tariff of 1828, the people in Mississippi were affected. The main job of most people in Mississippi was farming. A large amount of cotton was being grown. The high protective tariff, while good for the northern states, was harmful to southern states like Mississippi. The people in Mississippi would now pay more to buy American products than they would have had to pay if they could have bought European products without the protective tariff being placed on them.

The Indian Removal Act affected the Native Americans living in Mississippi. This law forced many Native American tribes that were living east of the Mississippi River to move to the lands west of the Mississippi River. The Chickasaw tribe was one tribe in Mississippi that was affected by this law.

The people of Mississippi were affected by President’s Jackson desire to get rid of the national bank. When President Jackson refused to extend the bank’s charter, he placed the government’s money into state banks. It was easier to get loans from state banks. When Jackson issued the Specie Circular to slow investment in western lands using government funds, the led to a major economic crisis in 1837, once the Specie Circular went into effect. The people of Mississippi were affected by the economic downturn. Many plantation owners suffered tremendously because of this crisis. Some lost their plantations.

Andrew Jackson’s policies affected the entire country, including the people in Mississippi.

What does Ralph mean when he says, "I wasn't scared. I was-I don't know what I was." at the beginning of Chapter 10 in the novel Lord of the Flies?

At the beginning of Chapter 10, Ralph and Piggy are having a conversation about what happened to Simon the previous night. Ralph tells Piggy that they murdered Simon. Piggy does not want to take responsibility for Simon's death and tries to rationalize their actions by claiming that it was dark, and they were scared. Ralph says, "I wasn't scared, I was---I don't know what I was" (Golding 156). Ralph is having difficulty articulating his thoughts and expressing his feelings regarding the incident. Ralph claims that he was not scared, but has difficulty explaining the frenzied, adrenaline rush he felt when he was participating in Simon's murder. Before Simon appeared from the forest, the boys were jumping, chanting, and dancing around, participating in a ceremonial war dance. Ralph became entranced in the ritual dance and felt the overwhelming excitement the boys created. Golding uses this moment to portray Ralph giving into his primitive instincts and losing his rational disposition. In the midst of the excitement, the frenzied boys spot Simon and mistake him for the beast. While the boys are attacking Simon, Ralph feeds into the frenzy and lets his primitive instincts take over. He cannot explain to Piggy the powerful feeling that came over him during the attack, but knows that he did not react out of fear. 

What is/are Lucie Manette's internal and external conflict(s) in A Tale of Two Cities?

Lucie’s external conflicts involve those she loves. Her father (whom she thought was dead) has been imprisoned for eighteen years. She must readjust from the life of an orphan to the life of a devoted daughter. Since her father occasionally retreats into his psychological turmoil, she must stand by him, helping him through this without being torn apart herself. She also must suffer seeing her husband imprisoned and sentenced to death. She believes that, as much as she wants to fall down in a faint to escape this torture, she must appear to be strong in order to avoid causing Charles even more distress. Almost passed over in the novel, she also suffers the death of her young son, able to find joy in the thought that he is safely in heaven.

Internally also, she is determined to be Sydney Carton’s friend, even though he would like more. She must try to turn him away from being a rejected love to a true friend of the family. This is repaid when Sydney sacrifices himself for her and her husband. She continues to be his friend, even after his death, as prophesied by Sydney at the guillotine.

What are the differences between special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity?

Special relativity and general relativity are two theories proposed by Albert Einstein, a man widely regarded as the greatest genius of the twentieth century. He proposed the theory of special relativity in 1905. According to this theory, in simple terms, motion is always relative and there is no absolute frame of reference. It also states that the speed of light (in a vacuum) is a constant and it is the same from all frames of reference. This theory does not talk about gravity. This theory relates space and time, through motion. This theory has been shown to be true by experiments involving the slowing down of clocks in motion versus stationary clocks.

The theory of general relativity was proposed in 1915. This theory incorporates gravity and predicts a warping in space-time due to strong gravitation fields in the vicinity. For example, the bending of light near massive celestial bodies have been observed. This theory incorporates the equivalence principle, according to which accelerated motion and a state of rest are identical. Evidence of this is the change in weight we feel while riding in an elevator. 

Hope this helps.

In The Perks of Being a Wallflower, was Charlie's sister sexually abused?

Although there is more than one character in the book who is sexually abused, including Charlie, we never find out that his sister Candace was sexually abused. Charlie was molested by his Aunt Helen as a child, Charlie's friend Sam was kissed by her father's friend at age 7, and Charlie's sister Candace was the victim of dating violence, when her boyfriend "Ponytail Derek" hits her after she gets in a verbal altercation with him, on page 11. She tells him that he needs to stand up for himself to his bullies, and after egging him on, he slaps her across the face. Charlie then witnesses them having sex, which occurs on page 12. Later, Derek breaks up with her after she tells him that she is pregnant, but then wants to get back together with her after she tells him it was a "false alarm." Toward the end of the book, after Charlie realizes that he was sexually abused as a child by his aunt, his brother and sister both deny that any abuse occurred when they were children. 

What is an example of how Lord Capulet is hasty in Romeo and Juliet. (I already have the one about his setting the marriage date so soon but I...

Lord Capulet is impetuous in the beginning of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

In the opening scene of Act I, Lord Capulet hears the quarrel among the servants of the two houses of Montague and Capulet. Although he is still in his gown and not dressed for any kind of conflict, he immediately calls for his sword. Moreover, he does this because he wants to enter into the fight despite his knowing that his family and the Montagues have engaged previously in three civil brawls and his wife's admonitions at the moment. 

What noise is this? Give me my long sword, ho! (1.1.65)

As he continues to call for his long sword, Lady Capulet says he needs a crutch more than he needs a sword,

A crutch, a crutch! why call you for a sword? (1.1.66)

Still, Capulet is so angered that he does not think about his age and physical condition, nor does he consider that his family is not supposed to engage with the Montagues. He ignores the cries of the citizens, as well, who shout, "Down with the Capulets! down with the Montagues!" because they are tired of the two families' feuding with one another.

Where did Miyax's father live at the end of the book Julie of the Wolves?

The simple answer to your question is that Miyax's father, Kapugen, lives in the town of Kangik at the end of the novel. The longer answer to your question involves Kapugen's history with his daugher, Miyax.  

During her early life, after Miyax lost her mother at age four, Kapugen took Miyax to live in a seal camp near the Alaskan village of Mekoryuk.  It is here that Miyax learned all of the "old ways."  It is only when Aunt Martha arrives and yells at Kapugen for not sending Miyax to school that he sends her away.  Eventually, at age thirteen, Miyax escapes from her Aunt Martha by agreeing to an arranged marriage.  Miyax escapes from the arranged marriage by fleeing onto the Alaskan tundra and becoming a member of the wolf pack.

At the end of the story, a citizen of Kangik comes by Miyax's dwelling and lets Miyax know that "the greatest of all living Eskimo hunters" lives in his village. Miyax knows this is her father, Kapugen.  Unfortunately, Miyax discovers that Kapugen has abandoned many of the old ways.  He has married a white woman and is living with many modern conveniences.  Worst of all, his job is to fly hunters over their targets by plane.  This is how Amaroq was killed.  This realization makes her father, Kapugen, become "dead to her" and forces Miyax to admit that the "the hour of the wolf and the Eskimo is over."

Why did people come to the United States?

Many people have come to the United States throughout history. There are many reasons for this. One reason for this was that we have many freedoms in our country. In some countries, people have very few freedoms. In some countries, people have been persecuted for practicing their religion, opposing the government, or sharing their opinion on various topics. In the United States, people have the right to practice any religion they want to practice. They also have the right to practice no religion at all. In our country, people may criticize the government and speak freely. These guaranteed rights have attracted many people to the United States.

Many people have also come to our country in order to improve their economic situation. In our economic system, people are free to try to start their own businesses and to invent new products. If they are successful, there is the potential for significant economic gain. This economic freedom doesn’t exist in every country. People also believed that if they worked hard, they would be able to succeed economically. Many people heard that in the United States, they streets were paved with gold. While this wasn’t true in a literal sense, this statement reflected the idea that there were many economic opportunities that were available in our country.

There were several factors that attracted people to come to the United States throughout our history.

In "The New Colossus," what do you think the author is trying to say in the second paragraph that begins: "Keep, ancient lands..?"

Emma Lazarus wrote "The New Colossus" in 1883 as a celebration of the Statue of Liberty. At the time of writing, the statue was not built, let alone installed (this did not happen until 1886) but, already, Lazarus recognised its potency as a symbol of American freedom and liberty. 

In essence, then, the second stanza of the poem offers a hearty welcome and a message of encouragement to future immigrants. In this call to action, she portrays foreign nations as being dominated by "storied pomp" and neglectful to their people. As a result, these people have become "tired" and "poor" and are now "yearning to break free." In fact, their lives are so bad that they are huddled on the "teeming shores," desperate to get away.

Life in these foreign countries contrasts sharply with the "golden door" to America. Here, Lady Liberty will lift her "lamp" to welcome immigrants and direct them in their new lives. She is, thus, portrayed as a caring and welcoming figure, akin to a mother, who will turn no person away and who will nurture and protect against the tyranny of the Old World. 

A mystery number is even and has 2 digits. The difference between the digits is 3. The digit in the ones place is between 0 and 4. What is the...

Hello!

Denote our number as `XY,` it has `Y` ones and `X` tens.

A number is even if and only if its digit at the ones' place is even. Really, a two-digit number `XY` is equal to `Y+10*X.`  

If `Y` is even (divisible by 2), then `Y=2*Z` and `Y+10*X = 2*Z+10*X = 2*(Z+5*X)` which is even.

And if `Y+10*X` is even, `Y+10*X=2*W,` then `Y = 2*W-10*X = 2*(W-5*X)` is also even.

So `Y` is even and is between 0 and 4. If "between" means that 0 and 4 are NOT allowed, then `Y=2` (the only even number which is >0 and <4).

The difference between the digits is 3 means `X-Y=3` or `Y-X=3.`

But if `Y=2` then the second variant, `Y-X=3,` `Y=2=3+X` is impossible, so `X-Y=3` and `X=Y+3=5.`

The answer: the number is 52.

P.S. For me, "between 0 and 4" means that 0 and 4 ARE allowed. Then Y may be not only 2, but also 0 and 4. This gives several more answers, namely 30, 74 and 14.

`bbv = ` Find a unit vector in the direction of the given vector. Verify that the result has a magnitude of 1.

Hence, you need to find the unit vector having the same direction as the vector `v = <-2,2>` , hence, you need to use the formula, such that:

`u = v/|v|`

You need to evaluate the magnitude |v|, such that:

`|v| = sqrt(a^2+b^2)`

`|v| = sqrt((-2)^2 + 2^2) => |v| = sqrt(4+4) => |v| = sqrt 8 => |v| = 2sqrt2`

`u = (<-2,2>)/(2sqrt2) => u = <-2/(2sqrt2), 2/(2sqrt2)>`

`u = <-1/(sqrt2), 1/(sqrt2)>`

You need to check that the magnitude of the unit vector is 1, such that:

`|u| = sqrt((-1/(sqrt2))^2 + (1/(sqrt2))^2)`

`|u| = sqrt(1/2 + 1/2)`

`|u| = sqrt (1)`

`|u| = 1`

Hence, evaluated the unit vector yields `u = <-1/(sqrt2), 1/(sqrt2)>.`

Why do we credit Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton with the beginning of our two political party system?

We credit these two men with beginning the two-party system in the United States because the first two political factions (they weren't really parties as we know them today) formed around them, and their responses to the pressing issues of the early Republic. Jefferson was the Secretary of State under George Washington, and Hamilton the Secretary of the Treasury. Each man had a very different vision of what the United States would look like, and their differences came to the fore on a number of issues, including the assumption of state debts by the federal government, the imposition of an excise tax, and the chartering of a national bank. Jefferson, who favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution and a limited federal government, was suspicious of Hamilton's program for handling the nation's financial crisis. He thought that Hamilton's approach would give too much power to the federal government, and too much influence to bankers and "stock-jobbers," which Jefferson held in contempt. Supporters of these policies rallied around Hamilton, and opponents around Jefferson in the early 1790s. Jefferson was especially adept at using the media (newspapers) to excoriate Hamilton in the public mind, and Jefferson's hacks painted Hamilton as a dangerous Machiavellian bent on recreating the corruption of the British government in the United States. In the process, Jefferson's supporters came to refer to themselves as "Republicans," or "Democratic-Republicans," and Hamilton's preserved the moniker of "Federalists" from the days of the ratification debates. The single event that most shaped the development of the parties, however, was the outbreak of the French Revolution and the wars that followed. Republicans, especially urban workers, were enthusiastic supporters of the Revolution, but Hamilton and the Federalists were wary of its influence, especially when war broke out between the French and Great Britain. By the late 1790s, politics were being contested along explicitly partisan lines, and the divide reached a crisis point in the election of 1800. The parties, then, had their origins in the political positions, the philosophies, and the machinations of Jefferson and Hamilton.

What did Francis Marion achieve, and what other names and titles he was known besides "Swamp Fox"?

Francis Marion was an American Revolutionary War hero who pioneered modern guerrilla warfare and is credited as a forefather to the United States Army Rangers.

As an officer in the Continental Army and South Carolina militia, Marion harassed the British General Charles Cornwallis and his much larger army. Marion used elements of guerrilla warfare--such as surprise attacks and early withdrawals--to hinder Cornwallis' advance and to strike fear into the hearts of British soldiers and American loyalists.

Colonel Banastre Tarleton was sent to capture or kill Marion, but the crafty commander used his vast knowledge of the local geography to evade the British. Frustrated that Marion often used swamp trails to remain concealed, Tarleton declared:

As for this damned old fox, the Devil himself could not catch him.

Thus he earned the nickname "Swamp Fox." To my knowledge, Marion did not have any other often-used nicknames. However, the Mel Gibson movie, The Patriot, was loosely-based on Marion's life. In that movie, the "Marion character" is named Benjamin Martin.

How are the first and second industrial revolutions similar?

The Industrial Revolution describes a period of time with many advances in technology, particularly in the mechanization of agriculture, factory production, and energy supply. The Industrial Revolution may be described as having occurred in two waves- the First Industrial Revolution, from about 1760 to 1840, and the Second, from about 1870 to 1914. In between the First and Second Revolutions, there was a lull in innovation but an increasing spread of the technologies developed during the First.

Perhaps the most notable similarities (or largest theme) of the First and Second Industrial Revolutions were the increases in differentiation of labor and centralization of production. Before the Industrial Revolutions, labor and production were largely on a homestead or estate basis. The production of food, textiles, and other goods was mostly done on a small scale by a household for their household. Trade did occur, but was not the main means of acquisition of the goods a household needed. During and after the Revolution, there was a trend towards increasing differentiation of labor, whereby someone may perform just one role in the complex production of goods. An increase in differentiation of labor contributed to an increase in centralization, where lots of raw materials may be transported to one place, transformed into a high quantity of finish goods, and transported elsewhere for sale.

Let's consider the example of the textiles industry to better understand these trends. Before the Industrial Revolution, the production of cloth was mostly performed by one or a few persons in a household, and they only made enough cloth to suit their needs. A person would have had to harvest wool or flax, comb or thresh the fibers to make them usable, spin it into thread, weave the fabric, and then dye or ornament it if desired. This process, performed within one household, was very labor intensive and time consuming. The invention of machines which could perform functions like preparing fibers for use, spinning of thread, and weaving, dramatically cut own on human effort and enabled the production of a higher volume of cloth in a comparable amount of time. By differentiating labor and designating more specific jobs to workers (like harvesting fibers or manning a weaving loom,) production rates increased significantly. 

Another similarity between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions was a general increase in quality of life. Labor was not so back-breaking as it was before the Revolution, increasing use of electricity, and expedition of travel and transport contributed to a better quality of life. That being said, some types of labor (like factory work) were quite dirty and often caused health problems for the workers. During the 19th century, wages of workers significantly increased, but they still could not often afford the very goods they were producing. Differentiation of  labor enabled an increase in leisure time and the prospect of education. Throughout much of Europe and the United States, a new middle-class developed thanks to a general decrease in the amount of time spent laboring in production of goods.

In addition to the increase in differentiation of labor and centralization of production, the Industrial Revolution influenced massive population growth and increase in Gross Domestic Product.

Analyze criticism of the Electoral College system and the alleged advantages and disadvantages of various reform proposals. reference: Magleby, D....

The Electoral College may have made sense when it was created, because counting votes and transmitting that information quickly and securely were very difficult tasks in the 18th century. In the 21st century, we have no such excuse.

The Electoral College is clearly a terrible system in terms of its actual representation; by apportioning a state's electoral votes winner-takes-all it creates this bizarre and obviously unfair dynamic where voters who are in the minority party in a given state have essentially no voting power. Republicans in California and Democrats in Texas basically do not matter for the general Presidential election (though they are very important for the primaries). The fact that there are critical "swing states" means that our voting system is fundamentally undemocratic.

Then there's the fact that electors are technically allowed to vote against what their state says, which is even more undemocratic; but in fact this rarely happens so it's not the main problem.

So the Electoral College is awful and we need to get rid of it. That still leaves the question of what to replace it with. 

The best system would be to overturn the entire Electoral College system and replace it with a single general election that works directly from the popular vote. Preferably we would also reform our voting system from its current "first-past-the-post" plurality vote which only allows voters to express their top preference and is subject to "spoiling" by third-party candidates and "cloning" where similar candidates can lose by splitting votes even if they are preferred by most people.

The ideal system with which to replace it is called range voting. Each voter gives a score to each candidate on a scale from 0 to 10, and the candidate with the highest score wins. Something that people are always shocked to hear when I tell them is that range voting has been mathematically proven to be the optimal democratic voting system. There's a famous theorem called "Arrow's Impossibility Theorem" which supposedly shows that such an optimal system is impossible---but in fact Arrow made the false assumption that range voting was not feasible. For some reason he thought we could only put candidates in a rank ordering, not actually assign them scores from 0 to 10. (This is baffling to me, as psychologists use range voting in research and corporations use range voting in product quality surveys all the time. If you have rated something on Amazon or Netflix, you have used range voting.) Range voting satisfies all the supposedly "impossible" optimality conditions.

The second choice would be instant-runoff voting, which is the system that Arrow's theorem would lead us to because it almost satisfies the optimality conditions and only requires rank-ordering.

Either range voting or instant-runoff voting would be fantastic, but they would both clearly require a Constitutional amendment to implement.

Failing that, there are also some other systems to consider.

One would be to simply eliminate the Electoral College and make the popular vote win the Presidency. This would be very simple to implement---in fact, a number of states have already pledged to assign their electoral votes to the popular vote winner so long as enough other states agree to do so. With a few more major signatories (Texas is the biggest holdout), this system could be implemented without any Constitutional changes.

A similar system that could be implemented by modifying that pledge would be to allocate electoral votes proportionally within each state. This requires dividing and rounding the proportions. This is actually harder than it sounds, as some states have only a few electors and the rounding method could make a big difference. It also has nothing to recommend it compared to the previous system where the plurality vote winner simply wins all electoral votes.

Another proposal is to separate states into districts and allocate electoral votes by district, which is similar to how we elect Congress. Like Congress, it would be subject to gerrymandering and geographically unequal distributions. And again, it has nothing to recommend it above a simple plurality vote to win.

Another proposal to jury-rig the current system is to simply add some electoral votes that are not tied to a state and automatically allocated to the popular vote. This also has nothing to recommend it; it's more complicated, still requires a Constitutional amendment, and is strictly worse than the system of simply making the plurality vote win.

And the worst reform proposal I've ever seen is to force the Electoral College to vote winner-takes-all in each state. In practice they nearly always do anyway, which is precisely the problem; but in theory they don't strictly have to, and some people worry that electors might shift the election away from what the voters want. But since that rarely happens and isn't the big problem with the Electoral College, this "reform" would be the exact opposite of what we want, simply making all other reforms harder to implement.

In "Once Upon a Time," what is the connection between the events Gordimer describes in the frame story and the events in the fairy tale?

Gordimer begins her story with a first person narration. While it is unwise to presume that the narrator and the author of a story are the same person, it is implied that they are in the frame story; the narrator is a writer in an increasingly unstable South Africa, a description that matches that of the author.

Having been awakened by something unknown, she fears for her own safety. She remembers the violence recently perpetrated in her own neighborhood and wonders if she is to be the next victim; she classifies every sound in the darkness. She notes that:

I have no burglar bars, no gun under the pillow, but I have the same fears as people who do take those precautions, and my windowpanes are thin as rime, could shatter like a wineglass.

But then she realizes that she is to be "neither threatened nor spared." In her own words:

There was no human weight pressing on the boards, the creaking was a buckling, an epicenter of stress. I was in it. The house that surrounds me while I sleep is built on undermined ground; far beneath my bed, the floor, the house's foundations, the stopes and passages of gold mines have hollowed the rock, and when some face trembles, detaches and falls, three thousand feet below, the whole house shifts slightly, bringing uneasy strain to the balance and counterbalance of brick, cement, wood and glass that hold it as a structure around me.

And then Gordimer starts her bedtime story, in which a family succumbs so deeply to fear that their son dies as a result of their precautions.

The frame story and the fairy tale seem tangential, connected only to the role of fear, until one examines the significance of the mine. The narrator had previously feared individually-driven violence, but the real source of stress is structural. In recognizing this, she shifts the blame from individuals to society itself.

The mine is the source of instability in the first story; if the stories run parallel, where does that place the blame in the fairy tale? At first glance, as in the frame, it seems to be individually driven, but in fact Gordimer places heavy blame on the South African government, personified as the "wise old witch." The husband's mother plays the role of the government: spreading fear based on racial discrimination and encouraging hysteria. The family's "happily ever after" begins its downward spiral after she cautions them not to hire anyone off the street, as the government did in South Africa, and she provides the stepping-stone to the little boy's death: the book of fairy tales.

Gordimer does not excuse the actions of individuals in either the frame story or the fairy tale, but she puts them in a broader context. 

Who did most Native Americans choose to fight against in the French and Indian War?

In the French and Indian War, most Native American tribes chose to fight against Great Britain. There were several reasons for this. One reason was the French posed less of a threat to the Native Americans. The French didn’t want the land of the Native Americans. The British, on the other hand, wanted to get control of more land, including the land of the Native Americans.

There were other factors also involved in the decision by most Native American tribes to support the French. The French had established good trade relations with the French. The fur trade was especially profitable. The French also married Native Americans. The French were able to convert some of the Native Americans to Christianity. The relationship with the French was very friendly and cooperative.

To many Native American tribes, the French were more trustworthy, friendly, and supportive of the Native Americans. The British seemed to be a greater threat to them. Thus, most Native Americans supported the French in the French and Indian War.

What methods does Sherlock Holmes use to solve the murder in the story The Hound of the Baskervilles?

First of all, there technically was no "murder" to be solved in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles. Sir Charles died under mysterious circumstances that indicated his ancestral curse may have been to blame, but the cause of death was a heart attack. Although Stapleton, who sent out the glowing hound to scare Sir Charles, was the cause of that heart attack, whether Stapleton could actually be convicted of murder for Sir Charles' death is uncertain since "no signs of violence were to be discovered on Sir Charles's person." Nevertheless, Holmes is able to discover the underlying foul play in Sir Charles' death and prevent a more overt murder of Sir Henry by his excellent detective work. Some of the methods he uses to solve the case are interviews and research, occult observation, first-hand observation of the suspect and the setting, and a "sting" operation. 

Interestingly in this story, Holmes is absent for multiple chapters because he sends Watson to be the on-site attendant of Sir Henry, the client who is in danger. Holmes uses this time when Watson takes the attention off of Holmes to do a lot of background research and interviews which are not revealed to Watson or the reader until later. At the same time, he engages in occult, or hidden, observation of the setting by living in one of the Neolithic huts on the moor. Watson notices a mysterious "man on the Tor" who turns out to be Holmes. Holmes then makes himself available outwardly at the home of Sir Henry, where he is able to observe that the portrait of one of the Baskerville ancestors bears a striking resemblance to Mr. Stapleton, confirming his suspicion about Stapleton. Holmes and Watson then arrange with Sir Henry to take a dangerous walk home in the dark from the Stapletons, which is designed to lure Stapleton into making his move against Sir Henry. Although this risky sting operation imperils Sir Henry, Holmes is able to shoot the attacking hound before it harms his client, and the perpetrator of the crime runs off into the moor, presumably to be sucked into the Grimpen Mire. At the end, Holmes reveals to Watson any remaining loose ends. 

Holmes' behind-the-scenes research, use of Watson as a distraction while he observes the suspect from a distance, on-site observation to confirm his theories, and final sting operation are some of the main techniques Holmes uses to clarify the circumstances of Sir Charles' death and to prevent the untimely demise of Sir Henry.

“A day never passed when spies and saboteurs acting under his directions were not unmasked by the Thought Police...in spite of the endless...

The government has two reasons for keeping alive the idea of a dangerous Brotherhood. First, as we repeatedly see in the novel, Party members (not to mention Proles) live in miserable conditions: they eat bad food, drink bad "Victory" gin, live with rationed food (for example, the chocolate ration is cut during the novel), live in small apartments with broken elevators and backed up toilets and wear shabby overalls. The inner Party members, in contrast, live well, as we see when Julia and Winston visit O'Brien, who has a servant, comfortable living quarters and wine, something Julia has never tasted before. Having the Brotherhood to blame for these economic problems, and more importantly, having the Brotherhood to direct people's anger and aggression away from the Party's abuses, is a way for the Party to keep power. If they hadn't invented the Brotherhood, people might more quickly perceive that the Party is an empty sham. If they didn't run Two-Minute Hates often targeted at the Brotherhood or its proxies, people might quickly direct their anger at the Party. The Brotherhood functions as a scapegoat. 

Second, the state needs to justify its constant surveillance of its own citizens. What better excuse than an "enemy within," working to topple the government? "Protecting the people" gives the Party the perfect cover to act as a police state to terrorize and control its citizenry for its own ends: crushing dissent and keeping power. 

What divided Eastern and Western Europe after World War II?

In the years immediately following World War II (and really the last days of the war itself in Europe) Western and Eastern Europe became divided because the Soviet Union occupied the countries of Eastern Europe after driving out the occupying German army. The Soviets, under Josef Stalin, established Soviet-style communist governments in these countries, which included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. Meanwhile Marshal Tito, a leader in the resistance movement in Yugoslavia during the war, established a socialist state in that nation independent of the USSR. The division of Europe was most tangible in Germany, which was divided between the Soviet-dominated East and the Anglo-American-dominated West. Berlin, the capital of Germany, was similarly divided though it lay entirely within East Germany. So it was the establishment of communist states, viewed by the USSR as a necessary buffer zone and by the Americans as the establishment of an "iron curtain", that led to the division of Europe after the war.

What are two examples each of ethos, pathos, and logos in the first 8 paragraphs of "A Modest Proposal"?

Although it's important to understand that these three strategies often overlap--that is, any one sentence or idea within a piece of text could simultaneously demonstrate two or even all three of these methods--let's go ahead and treat them as isolated concepts for the purpose of this analysis.

To find examples of ethos, we should look for places where the speaker is establishing himself as a trusted authority, someone with a respectable character or credibility. When does the speaker show intelligence or eschew bias?

1. In the fourth paragraph, the speaker asserts that he's dealt with the problem at hand and its possible solutions for "many years" of serious contemplation. With this assertion, he attempts to establish himself as an expert on the issue:

"As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years, upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation."

2. The eighth paragraph functions as a transition to the bulk of the proposal. In it, the speaker exudes an earnestness and candor that work to establish him as someone with an upright character:

"I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection."

Finding examples of pathos is as easy as locating the emotional spots within the text. When does the speaker want to excite pity, or anger, or sadness, or some other strong emotion within us?

1. The first paragraph of the essay is an onslaught of pathos. We're presented with the plight of the abjectly poor mother and her many children, dressed in horribly ragged clothes, begging from others in order to get food to stay alive:

"It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes."

2. The fifth paragraph is equally pathetic--not in the sense of weak, but in the "pathos" sense of evoking an emotional response. The speaker claims that his proposal will prevent the pain, heartache, shame, and savagery of abortions:

"There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast."

For logos, look for places in the text where the speaker relies on reason or logic to persuade us. The speaker might draw an interesting analogy, or reveal statistical information.

1. The beginning of the sixth paragraph calls on reasoned calculations; the speaker is trying to persuade us by showing us that he's done the math and that the whole plan adds up:

"The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born."

2. The rest of the sixth paragraph employs a new example of logos. The speaker has us follow him along a line of reasoning that cannot be denied (or so we might think). He's saying, if there are so many kids out there doing nothing and being a burden on society, what are we supposed to do about it? They definitely can't do any kind of meaningful labor when they're just little kids:

"The question therefore is, How this number shall be reared, and provided for? which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; we neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land..."

Taken all together, instances of persuasion like these help the speaker establish the cold and calculating persona that makes this satirical essay so effective.

In "The Sniper," what action triggers shooting at the Republican sniper?

The main character, our protagonist, is the Republican sniper. When the story opens, he is lying on a roof, waiting. Although he is a seasoned soldier at this point, "deep and thoughtful," he has a moment of carelessness. After eating his sandwich and taking a drink of whiskey, he risks lighting up a cigarette. 

He paused for a moment, considering whether he should risk a smoke. It was dangerous. The flash might be seen in the darkness, and there were enemies watching. He decided to take the risk. 

He lights up the cigarette and takes a drag. The enemy sniper fires and the bullet hits the parapet on the roof. The enemy sniper had evidently seen the flash of the match lighting up. The Republican sniper raises up to look over the parapet and the enemy sniper fires again, evidently catching a glimpse of his head. 

Near the end of the story, the Republican sniper has a plan to trick his enemy. He places his cap on top of his rifle and raises it. The enemy fires. The Republican sniper leaves his left hand hanging over the edge and then drops the rifle to the street. His enemy thinks he has killed him. The Republican sniper then kills his enemy with his revolver.